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Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a common way to ground language models in external documents and up-to-date information. Classical retrieval systems relied on lexical methods such as BM25, which rank documents by term overlap with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Martin Asenov , Kenza Benkirane , Dan Goldwater , Aneiss Ghodsi

While the flexible capabilities of large language models (LLMs) allow them to answer a range of queries based on existing learned knowledge, information retrieval to augment generation is an important tool to allow LLMs to answer questions…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Guy Zyskind , Tobin South , Alex Pentland

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge to generate a response within a context with improved accuracy and reduced hallucinations. However, multi-modal RAG systems face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Matin Mortaheb , Mohammad A. Amir Khojastepour , Srimat T. Chakradhar , Sennur Ulukus

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) over long documents typically involves splitting the text into smaller chunks, which serve as the basic units for retrieval. However, due to dependencies across the original document, contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Junjie Wu , Jiangnan Li , Yuqing Li , Lemao Liu , Liyan Xu , Jiwei Li , Dit-Yan Yeung , Jie Zhou , Mo Yu

Despite the remarkable progress of Large Language Models (LLMs), their performance in question answering (QA) remains limited by the lack of domain-specific and up-to-date knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) addresses this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yaodong Su , Yixiang Fang , Yingli Zhou , Quanqing Xu , Chuanhui Yang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) plays a crucial role in grounding Large Language Models by leveraging external knowledge, whereas the effectiveness is often compromised by the retrieval of contextually flawed or incomplete information.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yaoze Zhang , Rong Wu , Pinlong Cai , Xiaoman Wang , Guohang Yan , Song Mao , Ding Wang , Botian Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at code generation but struggle with complex problems. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) mitigates this issue by integrating external knowledge, yet retrieval models often miss relevant context, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Shahd Seddik , Fahd Seddik , Iman Saberi , Fatemeh Fard , Minh Hieu Huynh , Patanamon Thongtanunam

Large language models (LLMs), including zero-shot and few-shot paradigms, have shown promising capabilities in clinical text generation. However, real-world applications face two key challenges: (1) patient data is highly unstructured,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Garapati Keerthana , Manik Gupta

Recent investigations into effective context lengths of modern flagship large language models (LLMs) have revealed major limitations in effective question answering (QA) and reasoning over long and complex contexts for even the largest and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Anwesan Pal , Karen Hovsepian , Tinghao Guo , Mengnan Zhao , Somendra Tripathi , Nikos Kanakaris , George Mihaila , Sumit Nigam

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed Natural Language Processing (NLP), enabling complex information retrieval and generation tasks. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a key innovation,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Teri Rumble , Zbyněk Gazdík , Javad Zarrin , Jagdeep Ahluwalia

Multilingual fact verification requires evidence that is both relevant and sufficiently complete for reliable factuality prediction. However, existing systems often rely on search snippets, sentence-level evidence, or locally segmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Babu Kumar , Gaurav Kumar , Ayush Garg , Aditya Kishore , Jasabanta Patro

Document understanding is critical for applications from financial analysis to scientific discovery. Current approaches, whether OCR-based pipelines feeding Large Language Models (LLMs) or native Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs), face key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sensen Gao , Shanshan Zhao , Xu Jiang , Lunhao Duan , Yong Xien Chng , Qing-Guo Chen , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Jia-Wang Bian , Mingming Gong

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems rely on accurate document retrieval to ground large language models (LLMs) in external knowledge, yet retrieval quality often degrades in corpora where topics overlap and thematic variation is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Rodrigo Kataishi

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has recently demonstrated the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the knowledge-intensive tasks such as Question-Answering (QA). RAG expands the query context by incorporating external…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Zijian Hei , Weiling Liu , Wenjie Ou , Juyi Qiao , Junming Jiao , Guowen Song , Ting Tian , Yi Lin

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a critical technique for enhancing large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, practitioners face significant challenges when making RAG deployment decisions. While existing research…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Shengming Zhao , Yuchen Shao , Yuheng Huang , Jiayang Song , Zhijie Wang , Chengcheng Wan , Lei Ma

This paper focuses on the dynamic optimization of the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architecture. It proposes a state-aware dynamic knowledge retrieval mechanism to enhance semantic understanding and knowledge scheduling efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Jacky He , Guiran Liu , Binrong Zhu , Hanlu Zhang , Hongye Zheng , Xiaokai Wang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation enhances Large Language Models by integrating external knowledge, which reduces hallucinations but increases prompt length. This increase leads to higher computational costs and longer Time to First Token…

RAG-based QA has emerged as a powerful method for processing long industrial documents. However, conventional text chunking approaches often neglect complex and long industrial document structures, causing information loss and reduced…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Joongmin Shin , Chanjun Park , Jeongbae Park , Jaehyung Seo , Heuiseok Lim

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) prevails in Large Language Models. It mainly consists of retrieval and generation. The retrieval modules (a.k.a. retrievers) aim to find useful information used to facilitate the generation modules…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Xinping Zhao , Yan Zhong , Zetian Sun , Xinshuo Hu , Zhenyu Liu , Dongfang Li , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by grounding responses in external knowledge during inference. However, conventiona RAG systems under-perform on structured tabular data, largely due to coarse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Zebin Guo , Weidong Geng , Ruichen Mao