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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to simulate human users in interactive settings such as therapy, education, and social role-play. While these simulations enable scalable training and evaluation of AI agents, off-the-shelf…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Marwa Abdulhai , Ryan Cheng , Donovan Clay , Tim Althoff , Sergey Levine , Natasha Jaques

As LLMs gain persuasive capabilities through extended dialogues, they create new opportunities for studying adversarial conversational behavior in extended interaction settings that traditional single-turn safety evaluations fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xiangzhe Yuan , Zhenhao Zhang , Haoming Tang , Siying Hu

Large language models (LLMs) excel on static benchmarks, but their performance across multi-turn conversations, which better reflect real-world usage, remains understudied. Addressing this gap is critical in high-stakes settings like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Kevin H. Guo , Chao Yan , Avinash Baidya , Katherine Brown , Xiang Gao , Juming Xiong , Zhijun Yin , Bradley A. Malin

Assertions have been the de facto collateral for simulation-based and formal verification of hardware designs for over a decade. The quality of hardware verification, i.e., detection and diagnosis of corner-case design bugs, is critically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Vaishnavi Pulavarthi , Deeksha Nandal , Soham Dan , Debjit Pal

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely used for mental health support. However, current safety evaluations in this field are mostly limited to detecting whether LLMs output prohibited words in single-turn conversations, neglecting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Youyou Cheng , Zhuangwei Kang , Kerry Jiang , Chenyu Sun , Qiyang Pan

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated a remarkable ability to serve as general-purpose tools for various language-based tasks. Recent works have demonstrated that the efficacy of such models can be improved through iterative dialog…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Andrew Estornell , Jean-Francois Ton , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu

Large language model (LLM)-based agents have shown strong capabilities in using external tools to solve complex tasks. However, existing evaluations often overlook the temporal dimension of tool use, especially the impact of tool response…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kou Shi , Ziao Zhang , Shiting Huang , Avery Nie , Zhen Fang , Qiuchen Wang , Lin Chen , Huaian Chen , Zehui Chen , Feng Zhao

Truthfulness (adherence to factual accuracy) and utility (satisfying human needs and instructions) are both fundamental aspects of Large Language Models, yet these goals often conflict (e.g., sell a car with known flaws), which makes it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Zhe Su , Xuhui Zhou , Sanketh Rangreji , Anubha Kabra , Julia Mendelsohn , Faeze Brahman , Maarten Sap

Recent studies on the safety alignment of large language models (LLMs) have revealed that existing approaches often operate superficially, leaving models vulnerable to various adversarial attacks. Despite their significance, these studies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jianwei Li , Jung-Eun Kim

Existing benchmarks for Large Language Model (LLM) agents focus on task completion under idealistic settings but overlook reliability in real-world, user-facing applications. In domains, such as in-car voice assistants, users often issue…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Johannes Kirmayr , Lukas Stappen , Elisabeth André

AI agents are rapidly advancing from passive language models to autonomous systems executing complex, multi-step tasks. Yet their overconfidence in failure remains a fundamental barrier to deployment in high-stakes settings. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jiaxin Zhang , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into healthcare IoT systems promises faster decisions and improved medical support. LLMs are also deployed as multi-agent teams to assist AI doctors by debating, voting, or advising on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Adeela Bashir , The Anh han , Zia Ush Shamszaman

Organisations are starting to adopt LLM-based AI agents, with their deployments naturally evolving from single agents towards interconnected, multi-agent networks. Yet a collection of safe agents does not guarantee a safe collection of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Alistair Reid , Simon O'Callaghan , Liam Carroll , Tiberio Caetano

Current large language models (LLMs) excel in verifiable domains where outputs can be checked before action but prove less reliable for high-stakes strategic decisions with uncertain outcomes. This gap, driven by mutually reinforcing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Alejandro R. Jadad

Confidence in LLMs is a useful indicator of model uncertainty and answer reliability. Existing work mainly focused on single-turn scenarios, while research on confidence in complex multi-turn interactions is limited. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Litu Ou , Kuan Li , Huifeng Yin , Liwen Zhang , Zhongwang Zhang , Xixi Wu , Rui Ye , Zile Qiao , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Yong Jiang

Large language model (LLM)-based AI agents extend LLM capabilities by enabling access to tools such as data sources, APIs, search engines, code sandboxes, and even other agents. While this empowers agents to perform complex tasks, LLMs may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Aarya Doshi , Yining Hong , Congying Xu , Eunsuk Kang , Alexandros Kapravelos , Christian Kästner

Large Language Models (LLMs) with API-calling capabilities enabled building effective Language Agents (LA), while also revolutionizing the conventional task-oriented dialogue (TOD) paradigm. However, current approaches face a critical…

Multi-agent systems achieve state-of-the-art outcomes through peer collaboration. However, when an agent in the pipeline silently drops a constraint, the system's final output may look correct even though the reasoning chain was quietly…

Large Language Models demonstrate strong reasoning and generation abilities, yet their behavior in multi-turn tasks often lacks reliability and verifiability. We present a task completion framework that enables LLM-based agents to act under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Gonca Gürsun

Large language models (LLMs) in research and development toolchains produce output that triggers attribution of agency and understanding -- a cognitive illusion that degrades verification behavior and trust calibration. No existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Marek Miller