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Over the past two years, the use of large language models (LLMs) has advanced rapidly. While these LLMs offer considerable convenience, they also raise security concerns, as LLMs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks by some well-designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Guang Lin , Toshihisa Tanaka , Qibin Zhao

As LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) are increasingly deployed for complex tasks, ensuring their reliability has become a pressing challenge. Since MAS coordinate through unstructured natural language rather than rigid protocols, they are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jin Jia , Zhiling Deng , Zhuangbin Chen , Yingqi Wang , Zibin Zheng

Large Language Model (LLM) cascade systems are designed to balance efficiency and performance by processing queries with lightweight models while selectively escalating complex cases to more powerful ones. Such systems seek to reduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zehan Sun , Dingfan Chen , Songze Li

In the rapidly evolving landscape of Large Language Models (LLMs), ensuring robust safety measures is paramount. To meet this crucial need, we propose \emph{SALAD-Bench}, a safety benchmark specifically designed for evaluating LLMs, attack,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Lijun Li , Bowen Dong , Ruohui Wang , Xuhao Hu , Wangmeng Zuo , Dahua Lin , Yu Qiao , Jing Shao

The robustness and security of large language models (LLMs) has become a prominent research area. One notable vulnerability is the ability to bypass LLM safeguards by translating harmful queries into rare or underrepresented languages, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Hongliang Li , Jinan Xu , Gengping Cui , Changhao Guan , Fengran Mo , Kaiyu Huang

Recommender systems (RS) are widely used in e-commerce for personalized suggestions, yet their openness makes them susceptible to shilling attacks, where adversaries inject fake behaviors to manipulate recommendations. Most existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Kaihong Li , Huichi Zhou , Bin Ma , Fangjun Huang

Large Language Model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems (MAS) have emerged as a promising paradigm for solving complex tasks. However, existing works often rely on manual designs or "one-size-fits-all" automation, lacking dynamic adaptability…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Guangyi Liu , Haojun Lin , Huan Zeng , Heng Wang , Quanming Yao

With the rapid development of LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS), their significant safety and security concerns have emerged, which introduce novel risks going beyond single agents or LLMs. Despite attempts to address these issues, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Kai Wang , Biaojie Zeng , Zeming Wei , Chang Jin , Hefeng Zhou , Xiangtian Li , Chao Yang , Jingjing Qu , Xingcheng Xu , Xia Hu

The offensive security landscape is highly fragmented: enterprise platforms avoid memory-corruption vulnerabilities due to Denial of Service (DoS) risks, Automatic Exploit Generation (AEG) systems suffer from semantic blindness, and Large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Biagio Andreucci , Arcangelo Castiglione

The performance of large language model (LLM) agents depends critically on the execution harness, the system layer that orchestrates tool use, context management, and state persistence. Yet this same architectural centrality makes the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xixun Lin , Yang Liu , Yancheng Chen , Yongxuan Wu , Yucheng Ning , Yilong Liu , Nan Sun , Shun Zhang , Bin Chong , Chuan Zhou , Yanan Cao

Telecom networks are rapidly growing in scale and complexity, making effective management, operation, and optimization increasingly challenging. Although Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been applied to many telecom tasks, existing models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Chenhua Shi , Bhavika Jalli , Gregor Macdonald , John Zou , Wanlu Lei , Mridul Jain , Joji Philip

Large Language Model (LLM)-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) enhance complex problem solving through multi-agent collaboration, but often incur substantially higher costs than single-agent systems. Recent MAS routing methods aim to balance…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Di Zhao , Longhui Ma , Siwei Wang , Miao Wang , Yi Kong

The remarkable growth in large language model (LLM) capabilities has spurred exploration into multi-agent systems, with debate frameworks emerging as a promising avenue for enhanced problem-solving. These multi-agent debate (MAD)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yongjin Yang , Euiin Yi , Jongwoo Ko , Kimin Lee , Zhijing Jin , Se-Young Yun

Multi-agent systems (MAS) extend large language models (LLMs) from independent single-model reasoning to coordinative system-level intelligence. While existing LLM agents depend on text-based mediation for reasoning and communication, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Jiaru Zou , Xiyuan Yang , Ruizhong Qiu , Gaotang Li , Katherine Tieu , Pan Lu , Ke Shen , Hanghang Tong , Yejin Choi , Jingrui He , James Zou , Mengdi Wang , Ling Yang

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) can be vulnerable to adversarial images that subtly bias their outputs toward plausible yet incorrect responses. We introduce a general, efficient, and training-free defense that combines image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Nadav Kadvil , Malak Fares , Ayellet Tal

Prompt injection attacks represent a major vulnerability in Large Language Model (LLM) deployments, where malicious instructions embedded in user inputs can override system prompts and induce unintended behaviors. This paper presents a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-18 S M Asif Hossain , Ruksat Khan Shayoni , Mohd Ruhul Ameen , Akif Islam , M. F. Mridha , Jungpil Shin

Multi-agent systems (MAS) leveraging the impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) hold significant potential for tackling complex tasks. However, most current MAS depend on manually designed agent roles and communication…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zixuan Ke , Austin Xu , Yifei Ming , Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Ryan Chin , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

Sponge attacks increasingly threaten LLM systems by inducing excessive computation and DoS. Existing defenses either rely on statistical filters that fail on semantically meaningful attacks or use static LLM-based detectors that struggle to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Nirhoshan Sivaroopan , Kanchana Thilakarathna , Albert Zomaya , Manu , Yi Guo , Jo Plested , Tim Lynar , Jack Yang , Wangli Yang

Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-MAS) are increasingly applied to complex collaborative scenarios. However, their collaborative mechanisms may cause minor inaccuracies to gradually solidify into system-level false…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yizhe Xie , Congcong Zhu , Xinyue Zhang , Tianqing Zhu , Dayong Ye , Minfeng Qi , Huajie Chen , Wanlei Zhou

This paper formalises the literature on emerging design patterns and paradigms for Large Language Model (LLM)-enabled multi-agent systems (MAS), evaluating their practical utility across various domains. We define key architectural…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Harri Renney , Maxim N Nethercott , Nathan Renney , Peter Hayes