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Difference-in-differences (DID) is a method to evaluate the effect of a treatment. In its basic version, a "control group" is untreated at two dates, whereas a "treatment group" becomes fully treated at the second date. However, in many…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-18 Clement de Chaisemartin , Xavier D'Haultfoeuille

Difference-in-differences is undoubtedly one of the most widely used methods for evaluating the causal effect of an intervention in observational (i.e., nonrandomized) settings. The approach is typically used when pre- and post-exposure…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-21 Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen , Chan Park , David Richardson

Applied analysts often use the differences-in-differences (DID) method to estimate the causal effect of policy interventions with observational data. The method is widely used, as the required before and after comparison of a treated and…

Applications · Statistics 2019-02-04 Luke J. Keele , Dylan S. Small , Jesse Y. Hsu , Colin B. Fogarty

This paper introduces the Difference-in-Differences Bayesian Causal Forest (DiD-BCF), a novel non-parametric model addressing key challenges in DiD estimation, such as staggered adoption and heterogeneous treatment effects. DiD-BCF provides…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-10 Hugo Gobato Souto , Francisco Louzada Neto

Difference-in-differences (DiD) is arguably the most popular quasi-experimental research design. Its canonical form, with two groups and two periods, is well-understood. However, empirical practices can be ad hoc when researchers go beyond…

Difference-in-differences (DID) is a widely used quasi-experimental design for causal inference, traditionally applied to scalar or Euclidean outcomes, while extensions to outcomes residing in non-Euclidean spaces remain limited. Existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-30 Yidong Zhou , Daisuke Kurisu , Taisuke Otsu , Hans-Georg Müller

Difference-in-differences (DiD) identification relies mainly on a parallel trends assumption about untreated potential outcomes. Researchers often relax this assumption by assuming conditional parallel trends within units with the same…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-05 Daniela Rodrigues , Laura A. Hatfield

Remarkable progress has been made in difference-in-differences (DID) approaches to causal inference that estimate the average effect of a treatment on the treated (ATT). Of these, the semiparametric DID (SDID) approach incorporates a…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-09 Takamichi Baba , Yoshiyuki Ninomiya

We propose a difference-in-differences (DiD) framework with mediation for possibly multivalued discrete or continuous treatments and mediators, aimed at identifying the direct effect of the treatment on the outcome (net of effects operating…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-02 Martin Huber , Sarina Joy Oberhänsli

Applied Difference-in-Differences studies often involve outcomes that are discrete, mixed, censored, or otherwise non-continuously distributed, while policy questions frequently concern distributional effects rather than mean effects alone.…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-22 Nelly K. Djuazon , Emmanuel Selorm Tsyawo

The difference-in-differences (DID) design is one of the most popular methods used in empirical economics research. However, there is almost no work examining what the DID method identifies in the presence of a misclassified treatment…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-01 Augustine Denteh , Désiré Kédagni

The method of difference-in-differences (DID) is widely used to study the causal effect of policy interventions in observational studies. DID employs a before and after comparison of the treated and control units to remove bias due to…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-15 Ting Ye , Luke Keele , Raiden Hasegawa , Dylan S. Small

This paper studies semiparametric Bayesian inference for the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) within the difference-in-differences (DiD) research design. We propose two new Bayesian methods with frequentist validity. The first…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-06-17 Christoph Breunig , Ruixuan Liu , Zhengfei Yu

We study the role of selection into treatment in difference-in-differences (DiD) designs. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for parallel trends assumptions under general classes of selection mechanisms. These conditions…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-03 Dalia Ghanem , Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna , Kaspar Wüthrich

The common practice in difference-in-difference (DiD) designs is to check for parallel trends prior to treatment assignment, yet typical estimation and inference does not account for the fact that this test has occurred. I analyze the…

Econometrics · Economics 2018-05-03 Jonathan Roth

Quasi-experimental causal inference methods have become central in empirical operations management for guiding managerial decisions. Among these, empiricists utilize the Difference-in-Differences (DiD) estimator, which relies on the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-13 Mingxuan Ge , Dae Woong Ham

This paper analyzes difference-in-differences designs with a continuous treatment. We show that treatment-on-the-treated-type parameters are identified under a parallel trends assumption analogous to the binary treatment case. However,…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-05 Brantly Callaway , Andrew Goodman-Bacon , Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna

Difference-in-differences (DID) is commonly used to estimate treatment effects but is infeasible in settings where data are unpoolable due to privacy concerns or legal restrictions on data sharing, particularly across jurisdictions. In this…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-28 Sunny Karim , Matthew D. Webb , Nichole Austin , Erin Strumpf

Difference-in-differences (DID) is a popular approach to identify the causal effects of treatments and policies in the presence of unmeasured confounding. DID identifies the sample average treatment effect in the treated (SATT). However, a…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-21 Audrey Renson , Ellicott C. Matthay , Kara E. Rudolph

This paper extends difference-in-differences to settings with continuous treatments. Specifically, the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) at any level of treatment intensity is identified under a conditional parallel trends…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-05 Lucas Z. Zhang