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With the rapid development of digital pathology, virtual staining has become a key technology in multimedia medical information systems, offering new possibilities for the analysis and diagnosis of pathological images. However, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Hao Yang , JianYu Wu , Run Fang , Xuelian Zhao , Yuan Ji , Zhiyu Chen , Guibin He , Junceng Guo , Yang Liu , Xinhua Zeng

Virtual staining streamlines traditional staining procedures by digitally generating stained images from unstained or differently stained images. While conventional staining methods involve time-consuming chemical processes, virtual…

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides are central to cancer diagnosis and monitoring, visualizing tissue architecture and cellular morphology. However, H&E lacks the molecular specificity needed to distinguish cell states and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Three-dimensional X-ray histology techniques offer a non-invasive alternative to conventional 2D histology, enabling volumetric imaging of biological tissues without the need for physical sectioning or chemical staining. However, the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Sarah C. Irvine , Christian Lucas , Diana Krüger , Bianca Guedert , Julian Moosmann , Berit Zeller-Plumhoff

Immunohistochemistry is a valuable diagnostic tool for cancer pathology. However, it requires specialist labs and equipment, is time-intensive, and is difficult to reproduce. Consequently, a long term aim is to provide a digital method of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-15 Christopher D. Walsh , Joanne Edwards , Robert H. Insall

Digitized Histological diagnosis is in increasing demand. However, color variations due to various factors are imposing obstacles to the diagnosis process. The problem of stain color variations is a well-defined problem with many proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-04-06 M Tarek Shaban , Christoph Baur , Nassir Navab , Shadi Albarqouni

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining visualizes histology but lacks specificity for diagnostic markers. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining provides protein-targeted staining but is restricted by tissue availability and antibody…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Anran Liu , Xiaofei Wang , Jing Cai , Chao Li

The diagnosis of cancer is mainly performed by visual analysis of the pathologists, through examining the morphology of the tissue slices and the spatial arrangement of the cells. If the microscopic image of a specimen is not stained, it…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-06 Pegah Salehi , Abdolah Chalechale

Virtual staining has emerged as a powerful alternative to traditional histopathological staining techniques, enabling rapid, reagent-free image transformations. However, existing evaluation methods predominantly rely on full-reference image…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-18 Qiankai Wang , James E. D. Tweel , Parsin Haji Reza , Anita Layton

Accurate histopathological diagnosis often requires multiple differently stained tissue sections, a process that is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and environmentally taxing due to the use of multiple chemical stains. Recently, virtual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Jiabo MA , Wenqiang Li , Jinbang Li , Ziyi Liu , Linshan Wu , Fengtao Zhou , Li Liang , Ronald Cheong Kin Chan , Terence T. W. Wong , Hao Chen

Histopathology relies on the analysis of microscopic tissue images to diagnose disease. A crucial part of tissue preparation is staining whereby a dye is used to make the salient tissue components more distinguishable. However, differences…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-03 Haseeb Nazki , Ognjen Arandjelović , InHwa Um , David Harrison

Accurate and fast histological staining is crucial in histopathology, impacting diagnostic precision and reliability. Traditional staining methods are time-consuming and subjective, causing delays in diagnosis. Digital pathology plays a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-06 Marian Boktor , James E. D. Tweel , Benjamin R. Ecclestone , Jennifer Ai Ye , Paul Fieguth , Parsin Haji Reza

Chemical staining methods are dependable but require extensive time, expensive chemicals, and raise environmental concerns. These challenges highlight the need for alternative solutions like virtual staining, which accelerates the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-02 Mehdi Ounissi , Ilias Sarbout , Jean-Pierre Hugot , Christine Martinez-Vinson , Dominique Berrebi , Daniel Racoceanu

Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining highlights the molecular information critical to diagnostics in tissue samples. However, compared to H&E staining, IHC staining can be much more expensive in terms of both labor and the laboratory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Fangda Li , Zhiqiang Hu , Wen Chen , Avinash Kak

The overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cells is a key driver of HER2-positive breast cancer, a highly aggressive subtype requiring precise diagnosis and targeted therapy. Immunohistochemistry…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Sara Rehmat , Hafeez Ur Rehman , Byeong-Gwon Kang , Sarra Ayouni , Yunyoung Nam

We present a self-supervised algorithm for several classification tasks within hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images of breast cancer. Our method is robust to stain variations inherent to the histology images acquisition process, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Alexandre Tiard , Alex Wong , David Joon Ho , Yangchao Wu , Eliram Nof , Alvin C. Goh , Stefano Soatto , Saad Nadeem

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is the clinical standard for assessing tissue morphology, but it lacks molecular-level diagnostic information. In contrast, immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides crucial insights into biomarker expression,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Jingsong Liu , Xiaofeng Deng , Han Li , Azar Kazemi , Christian Grashei , Gesa Wilkens , Xin You , Tanja Groll , Nassir Navab , Carolin Mogler , Peter J. Schüffler

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential for assessing specific immune biomarkers like Human Epidermal growth-factor Receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer. However, the traditional protocols of obtaining IHC stains are resource-intensive,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Aasim Bin Saleem , Amr Ahmed , Ardhendu Behera , Hafeezullah Amin , Iman Yi Liao , Mahmoud Khattab , Pan Jia Wern , Haslina Makmur

Virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) aims to computationally synthesize molecular staining patterns from routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\&E) images, offering a cost-effective and tissue-efficient alternative to traditional physical staining.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Rongze Ma , Mengkang Lu , Zhenyu Xiang , Yongsheng Pan , Yicheng Wu , Qingjie Zeng , Yong Xia

With the advent of digital scanners and deep learning, diagnostic operations may move from a microscope to a desktop. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is one of the most frequently used stains for disease analysis, diagnosis, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Shikha Dubey , Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian