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Over the last three decades, ensemble forecasts have become an integral part of forecasting the weather. They provide users with more complete information than single forecasts as they permit to estimate the probability of weather events by…

Ensemble forecast based on physics-informed models is one of the most widely used forecast algorithms for complex turbulent systems. A major difficulty in such a method is the model error that is ubiquitous in practice. Data-driven machine…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2021-11-24 Nan Chen , Yingda Li

Recent advancements in deep learning have led to the development of Foundation Models (FMs) for weather forecasting, yet their ability to predict extreme weather events remains limited. Existing approaches either focus on general weather…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Hang Ni , Weijia Zhang , Hao Liu

The application of large deep learning models in weather forecasting has led to significant advancements in the field, including higher-resolution forecasting and extended prediction periods exemplified by models such as Pangu and Fuxi.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Nian Ran , Peng Xiao , Yue Wang , Wesley Shi , Jianxin Lin , Qi Meng , Richard Allmendinger

The field of meteorological forecasting has undergone a significant transformation with the integration of large models, especially those employing deep learning techniques. This paper reviews the advancements and applications of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Hailong Shu , Yue Wang , Weiwei Song , Huichuang Guo , Zhen Song

Machine learning (ML) offers a computationally efficient approach for generating large ensembles of high-resolution climate projections, but deterministic ML methods often smooth fine-scale structures and underestimate extremes. While…

Machine learning algorithms have shown promise in reducing bias in wind gust predictions, while still underpredicting high gusts. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) supports this issue by identifying when predictions are reliable or need…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Israt Jahan , John S. Schreck , David John Gagne , Charlie Becker , Marina Astitha

Accurate prediction of tropical cyclones remains a major challenge for both numerical weather prediction and emerging artificial intelligence weather prediction systems. While recent global AI models have demonstrated strong skill in…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Zeyi Niu , Wei Huang , Sirong Huang , Zhuo Wang , Mu Mu , Mengqi Yang , Xinhai Han , Haofei Sun , Zhaoyang Huo , Bo Qin

Predicting extreme events in chaotic systems, characterized by rare but intensely fluctuating properties, is of great importance due to their impact on the performance and reliability of a wide range of systems. Some examples include…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2024-06-17 Yuan Yuan , Adrian Lozano Duran

In the context of an increasing popularity of data-driven models to represent dynamical systems, many machine learning-based implementations of the Koopman operator have recently been proposed. However, the vast majority of those works are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Anthony Frion , Lucas Drumetz , Guillaume Tochon , Mauro Dalla Mura , Albdeldjalil Aïssa El Bey

Extreme weather events pose significant challenges, thereby demanding techniques for accurate analysis and precise forecasting to mitigate its impact. In recent years, deep learning techniques have emerged as a promising approach for…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Shikha Verma , Kuldeep Srivastava , Akhilesh Tiwari , Shekhar Verma

Extreme weather amplified by climate change is causing increasingly devastating impacts across the globe. The current use of physics-based numerical weather prediction (NWP) limits accuracy due to high computational cost and strict…

Climate hazards can cause major disasters when they occur simultaneously as compound hazards. To understand the distribution of climate risk and inform adaptation policies, scientists need to simulate a large number of physically realistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Alison Peard , Jim Hall

The recent revolution in data-driven methods for weather forecasting has lead to a fragmented landscape of complex, bespoke architectures and training strategies, obscuring the fundamental drivers of forecast accuracy. Here, we demonstrate…

Many Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models and their associated Model Output Statistics (MOS) are available. Combining all of these predictions in an optimal way is however not straightforward. This can be achieved thanks to Expert…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-19 Léo Pfitzner , Olivier Wintenberger , Olivier Mestre , Marion Riverain

While AI weather models excel at short-to-medium range forecasts (up to 15 days), they frequently suffer from ill-defined "instabilities" when rolled out over longer horizons. This work addresses the lack of a formal taxonomy by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Fanny Lehmann , Firat Ozdemir , Yun Cheng , Torsten Hoefler , Sebastian Schemm , Benedikt Soja , Siddhartha Mishra

Weather forecasting presents several challenges, including the chaotic nature of the atmosphere and the high computational demands of numerical weather prediction models. To achieve the most accurate predictions, the ideal scenario involves…

Applications · Statistics 2025-06-19 Sándor Baran , Mária Lakatos

Forecasting the weather is an increasingly data intensive exercise. Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models are becoming more complex, with higher resolutions, and there are increasing numbers of different models in operation. While the…

Applications · Statistics 2021-03-17 Charlie Kirkwood , Theo Economou , Henry Odbert , Nicolas Pugeault

This paper presents a novel learning based framework for predicting power outages caused by extreme events. The proposed approach targets low-probability high-consequence outage scenarios and leverages a comprehensive set of features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Nina Fatehi , Antar Kumar Biswas , Masoud H. Nazari

Artificial Intelligence (AI) weather models are improving rapidly, and their forecasts are already competitive with long-established traditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP). To build confidence in this new methodology, it is critical…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Kirsten I. Tempest , Matthias Beylich , George C. Craig