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This study aims to improve the spatial representation of uncertainties when regressing surface wind speeds from large-scale atmospheric predictors for sub-seasonal forecasting. Sub-seasonal forecasting often relies on large-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ganglin Tian , Anastase Alexandre Charantonis , Camille Le Coz , Alexis Tantet , Riwal Plougonven

AI-based methods have revolutionized atmospheric forecasting, with recent successes in medium-range forecasting spurring the development of climate foundation models. Accurate modeling of complex atmospheric dynamics at high spatial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Deifilia Kieckhefen , Markus Götz , Lars H. Heyen , Achim Streit , Charlotte Debus

Regression algorithms are regularly used for improving the accuracy of satellite precipitation products. In this context, satellite precipitation and topography data are the predictor variables, and gauged-measured precipitation data are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Georgia Papacharalampous , Hristos Tyralis , Nikolaos Doulamis , Anastasios Doulamis

To predict rare extreme events using deep neural networks, one encounters the so-called small data problem because even long-term observations often contain few extreme events. Here, we investigate a model-assisted framework where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Anna Asch , Ethan Brady , Hugo Gallardo , John Hood , Bryan Chu , Mohammad Farazmand

Estimating and disentangling epistemic uncertainty, uncertainty that is reducible with more training data, and aleatoric uncertainty, uncertainty that is inherent to the task at hand, is critically important when applying machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Matthew A. Chan , Maria J. Molina , Christopher A. Metzler

Predictive hydrological uncertainty can be quantified by using ensemble methods. If properly formulated, these methods can offer improved predictive performance by combining multiple predictions. In this work, we use 50-year-long monthly…

Extreme weather is one of the main mechanisms through which climate change will directly impact human society. Coping with such change as a global community requires markedly improved understanding of how global warming drives extreme…

Computational Physics · Physics 2019-09-18 Adam Rupe , Karthik Kashinath , Nalini Kumar , Victor Lee , Prabhat , James P. Crutchfield

The summer of 2023 was the second hottest on record, with numerous extreme heatwaves across the globe. Using the Spherical Fourier Neural Operator machine learning (ML) weather model, we generated a massive ensemble of 7,424 weather…

Accurate precipitation forecasting is indispensable in agriculture, disaster management, and sustainable strategies. However, predicting rainfall has been challenging due to the complexity of climate systems and the heterogeneous nature of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Chen Jiang , Kofi Osei , Sai Deepthi Yeddula , Dongji Feng , Wei-Shinn Ku

To advance automated detection of extreme weather events, which are increasing in frequency and intensity with climate change, we explore modifications to a novel light-weight Context Guided convolutional neural network architecture trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Romain Lacombe , Hannah Grossman , Lucas Hendren , David Lüdeke

We propose Echo State Networks (ESNs) to predict the statistics of extreme events in a turbulent flow. We train the ESNs on small datasets that lack information about the extreme events. We asses whether the networks are able to extrapolate…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-04-13 Alberto Racca , Luca Magri

Artificial Intelligence (AI) weather models are now reaching operational-grade performance for some variables, but like traditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, they exhibit systematic biases and reliability issues. We test…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) weather prediction (AIWP) models are powerful tools for medium-range forecasts but often lack physical consistency, leading to outputs that violate conservation laws. This study introduces a set of novel…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-01-30 Yingkai Sha , John S. Schreck , William Chapman , David John Gagne

Ensemble forecasting is a technique devised to palliate sensitivity to initial conditions in nonlinear dynamical systems. The basic idea to avoid this sensitivity is to run the model many times under several slightly-different initial…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 F J Tapiador , R Verdejo

Long-term stability and physical consistency are critical properties for AI-based weather models if they are going to be used for subseasonal-to-seasonal forecasts or beyond, e.g., climate change projection. However, current AI-based…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2024-12-10 Ashesh Chattopadhyay , Y. Qiang Sun , Pedram Hassanzadeh

The computational cost of dynamical downscaling limits ensemble sizes in regional downscaling efforts. We present a newly developed generative-AI approach to greatly expand the scope of such downscaling, enabling fine-scale future changes…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-07-10 Neelesh Rampal , Peter B. Gibson , Steven C. Sherwood , Laura E. Queen , Hamish Lewis , Gab Abramowitz

Capturing the uncertainty in probabilistic wind power forecasts is challenging, especially when uncertain input variables, such as the weather, play a role. Since ensemble weather predictions aim to capture the uncertainty in the weather…

Applications · Statistics 2022-04-26 Kaleb Phipps , Sebastian Lerch , Maria Andersson , Ralf Mikut , Veit Hagenmeyer , Nicole Ludwig

Accurate time series forecasting is critical for a wide range of problems with temporal data. Ensemble modeling is a well-established technique for leveraging multiple predictive models to increase accuracy and robustness, as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Dimitris Bertsimas , Leonard Boussioux

Precipitation prediction plays a crucial role in modern agriculture and industry. However, it poses significant challenges due to the diverse patterns and dynamics in time and space, as well as the scarcity of high precipitation events. To…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-01-19 Xinzhe Li , Sun Rui , Yiming Niu , Yao Liu

Data assimilation algorithms integrate prior information from numerical model simulations with observed data. Ensemble-based filters, regarded as state-of-the-art, are widely employed for large-scale estimation tasks in disciplines such as…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-05-24 Iris Rammelmüller , Gottfried Hastermann , Jana de Wiljes