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Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) have recently gained attention as an enhancement to conventional RISs. BD-RISs allow optimizing not only the phase, but also the amplitude responses of their discrete surface…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-27 Atso Iivanainen , Robin Rajamäki , Visa Koivunen

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as a more flexible solution to engineer the wireless propagation channels, thanks to its non-diagonal reflecting matrix. Although the gain of the BD-RIS over…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Xiaoqi Zhang , Liang Liu , Shuowen Zhang , Haijun Zhang

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a novel branch of RIS which breaks through the limitation of traditional RIS with diagonal scattering matrices. However, the existing research focuses on BD-RIS with fixed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

In this paper, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided underlay cognitive radio network is investigated. An RIS is utilized to improve the secondary network (SN) reliability and robustness while simultaneously increasing the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-27 Majid H. Khoshafa , Telex M. N. Ngatchede , Mohamed H. Ahmed

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has arisen as a promising technology for enhancing wireless communication systems by enabling flexible and intelligent wave manipulation. This is achieved through the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-22 Ziang Liu , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable surface (RS) has been shown to be an effective solution for improving wireless communication links in general multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) setting. Current research efforts have been largely directed…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Juan Vidal Alegria , Joao Vieira , Fredrik Rusek

Written by its inventors, this first tutorial on Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (BD-RISs) provides the readers with the basics and fundamental tools necessary to appreciate, understand, and contribute to this emerging…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as an innovative and generalized RIS framework that provides greater flexibility in wave manipulation and enhanced coverage. In comparison to conventional RIS,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-24 Shreya Khisa , Ali Amhaz , Mohamed Elhattab , Chadi Assi , Sanaa Sharafeddine

This paper explores the use of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) in mitigating cross-system interference in spectrum sharing and secure wireless applications. Unlike conventional RIS that can only adjust the phase of the incoming…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Fangzhou Wang , A. Lee Swindlehurst

The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has attracted considerable attention of both academia and industry in recent years, given its capacity to dynamically manipulate the reflection of incident electromagnetic waves. Although the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Pedro H. C. de Souza , Luciano Mendes

We present the first experimental prototype of a reflective beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), i.e., a RIS with reconfigurable inter-element connections. Our BD-RIS consists of an antenna array whose ports are…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-20 Jean Tapie , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx , Philipp del Hougne

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) are emerging as a transformative technology in wireless communications, enabling enhanced performance and quality of service (QoS) of wireless systems in harsh urban environments…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-12 Marko Fidanovski , Iván Alexander Morales Sandoval , Hyeon Seok Rou , Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu , Emil Björnson

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have been actively researched as a potential technique for future wireless communications, which intelligently ameliorate the signal propagation environment. In the conventional design, each RIS…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Ibrahim Hemadeh , Arman Shojaeifard , Alain A. M. Mourad , Bruno Clerckx , Lajos Hanzo

Cell-Free Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) are two promising technologies for application to beyond-5G networks. This paper considers Cell-Free Massive MIMO systems with the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Trinh Van Chien , Hien Quoc Ngo , Symeon Chatzinotas , Marco Di Renzo , Björn Ottersten

This paper studies the physical layer security (PLS) of a vehicular network employing reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). RIS technologies are emerging as an important paradigm for the realisation of next-generation smart radio…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-24 Abubakar U. Makarfi , Khaled M. Rabie , Omprakash Kaiwartya , Kabita Adhikari , Xingwang Li , Marcela Quiroz-Castellanos , Rupak Kharel

The plethora of wirelessly connected devices, whose deployment density is expected to largely increase in the upcoming sixth Generation (6G) of wireless networks, will naturally necessitate substantial advances in multiple access schemes.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Konstantinos D. Katsanos , Paolo Di Lorenzo , George C. Alexandropoulos

This paper investigates the limits to which a passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) can reshape a point-to-point Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel in terms of singular values and their functions (e.g., achievable rate…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Yang Zhao , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx , Massimo Franceschetti

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have drawn considerable attention recently due to their controllable scattering elements that are able to direct electromagnetic waves into desirable directions. Although RISs share some…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Mohanad Obeed , Anas Chaaban

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) can realize the interconnection between reflecting elements through the impedance network, thereby providing a new approach for the performance improvement of integrated sensing…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xuejun Cheng , Qian Zhang , Yuhui Jiao , Shiyao Guo , Xiaotong Xu , Guanghui Luo , Ju Liu

In this paper, intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) are employed to enhance the physical layer security in a challenging radio environment. In particular, a multi-antenna access point (AP) has to serve multiple single-antenna legitimate…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Xianghao Yu , Dongfang Xu , Ying Sun , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Robert Schober