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Adam and AdamW are a class of default optimizers for training deep learning models in machine learning. These adaptive algorithms converge faster but generalize worse compared to SGD. In fact, their proved generalization error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Feihu Huang , Guanyi Zhang , Songcan Chen

We introduce Cautious Weight Decay (CWD), a one-line, optimizer-agnostic modification that applies weight decay only to parameter coordinates whose signs align with the optimizer update. Unlike standard decoupled decay, which implicitly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Lizhang Chen , Jonathan Li , Kaizhao Liang , Baiyu Su , Cong Xie , Nuo Wang Pierse , Chen Liang , Ni Lao , Qiang Liu

The merits of fast convergence and potentially better performance of the weight normalization family have drawn increasing attention in recent years. These methods use standardization or normalization that changes the weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-15 Li Xiang , Chen Shuo , Xia Yan , Yang Jian

Large language models (LLMs) are notoriously memory-intensive during training, particularly with the popular AdamW optimizer. This memory burden necessitates using more or higher-end GPUs or reducing batch sizes, limiting training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Hanqing Zhu , Zhenyu Zhang , Wenyan Cong , Xi Liu , Sem Park , Vikas Chandra , Bo Long , David Z. Pan , Zhangyang Wang , Jinwon Lee

We propose adaptive weight decay, which automatically tunes the hyper-parameter for weight decay during each training iteration. For classification problems, we propose changing the value of the weight decay hyper-parameter on the fly based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Amin Ghiasi , Ali Shafahi , Reza Ardekani

Adaptive gradient methods such as Adam have gained increasing popularity in deep learning optimization. However, it has been observed that compared with (stochastic) gradient descent, Adam can converge to a different solution with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Difan Zou , Yuan Cao , Yuanzhi Li , Quanquan Gu

Optimization algorithms with momentum, e.g., (ADAM), have been widely used for building deep learning models due to the faster convergence rates compared with stochastic gradient descent (SGD). Momentum helps accelerate SGD in the relevant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-24 Jiyang Bai , Yuxiang Ren , Jiawei Zhang

We introduce AlphaGrad, a memory-efficient, conditionally stateless optimizer addressing the memory overhead and hyperparameter complexity of adaptive methods like Adam. AlphaGrad enforces scale invariance via tensor-wise L2 gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Soham Sane

We note that decoupled weight decay regularization is a particular case of weight norm control where the target norm of weights is set to 0. Any optimization method (e.g., Adam) which uses decoupled weight decay regularization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Ilya Loshchilov

We propose a federated version of adaptive gradient methods, particularly AdaGrad and Adam, within the framework of over-the-air model training. This approach capitalizes on the inherent superposition property of wireless channels,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Chenhao Wang , Zihan Chen , Nikolaos Pappas , Howard H. Yang , Tony Q. S. Quek , H. Vincent Poor

Optimization algorithms are core methods by which machine learning models iteratively minimize loss functions, update parameters, learn from data, and improve performance. Momentum SGD and AdamW represent two important optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Meng Zhu , Quan Xiao , Weidong Min

Reinforcement learning (RL), particularly RL from verifiable reward (RLVR), has become a crucial phase of training large language models (LLMs) and a key focus of current scaling efforts. However, optimization practices in RL largely follow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Sagnik Mukherjee , Lifan Yuan , Pavan Jayasinha , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Hao Peng

Adaptive gradient methods, especially Adam-type methods (such as Adam, AMSGrad, and AdaBound), have been proposed to speed up the training process with an element-wise scaling term on learning rates. However, they often generalize poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Zhou Shao , Tong Lin

Adaptive methods like Adam have become the $\textit{de facto}$ standard for large-scale vector and Euclidean optimization due to their coordinate-wise adaptation with a second-order nature. More recently, matrix-based spectral optimizers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zitao Song , Cedar Site Bai , Zhe Zhang , Brian Bullins , David F. Gleich

We present Amos, a stochastic gradient-based optimizer designed for training deep neural networks. It can be viewed as an Adam optimizer with theoretically supported, adaptive learning-rate decay and weight decay. A key insight behind Amos…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Ran Tian , Ankur P. Parikh

As deep learning models exponentially increase in size, optimizers such as Adam encounter significant memory consumption challenges due to the storage of first and second moment data. Current memory-efficient methods like Adafactor and CAME…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Pengxiang Zhao , Ping Li , Yingjie Gu , Yi Zheng , Stephan Ludger Kölker , Zhefeng Wang , Xiaoming Yuan

This paper proposes an efficient optimizer called AdaPlus which integrates Nesterov momentum and precise stepsize adjustment on AdamW basis. AdaPlus combines the advantages of AdamW, Nadam, and AdaBelief and, in particular, does not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Lei Guan

In several recently proposed stochastic optimization methods (e.g. RMSProp, Adam, Adadelta), parameter updates are scaled by the inverse square roots of exponential moving averages of squared past gradients. Maintaining these per-parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Noam Shazeer , Mitchell Stern

We introduce Velocity-Regularized Adam (VRAdam), a physics-inspired optimizer for training deep neural networks that draws on ideas from quartic terms for kinetic energy with its stabilizing effects on various system dynamics. Previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Pranav Vaidhyanathan , Lucas Schorling , Natalia Ares , Michael A. Osborne

Quantization is an effective strategy to reduce the storage and computation footprint of large language models (LLMs). Post-training quantization (PTQ) is a leading approach for compressing LLMs. Popular weight quantization procedures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ryan Lucas , Mehdi Makni , Xiang Meng , Adam Deng , Rahul Mazumder