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Subword tokenization schemes are the dominant technique used in current NLP models. However, such schemes can be rigid and tokenizers built on one corpus do not adapt well to other parallel corpora. It has also been observed that in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar , Xiangpeng Wan , Yu Cheng , Junjie Hu

Subword tokenization has become the de-facto standard for tokenization, although comparative evaluations of subword vocabulary quality across languages are scarce. Existing evaluation studies focus on the effect of a tokenization algorithm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Lisa Beinborn , Yuval Pinter

We present BPEmb, a collection of pre-trained subword unit embeddings in 275 languages, based on Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE). In an evaluation using fine-grained entity typing as testbed, BPEmb performs competitively, and for some languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-09 Benjamin Heinzerling , Michael Strube

This work was conducted to find out how tokenization methods affect the training results of machine translation models. In this work, alphabet tokenization, morpheme tokenization, and BPE tokenization were applied to Korean as the source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Dojun Park , Youngjin Jang , Harksoo Kim

We explore threshold vocabulary trimming in Byte-Pair Encoding subword tokenization, a postprocessing step that replaces rare subwords with their component subwords. The technique is available in popular tokenization libraries but has not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Marco Cognetta , Tatsuya Hiraoka , Naoaki Okazaki , Rico Sennrich , Yuval Pinter

Tokenization significantly influences language models(LMs)' performance. This paper traces the evolution of tokenizers from word-level to subword-level, analyzing how they balance tokens and types to enhance model adaptability while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Jinbiao Yang

Modern language models mostly take sub-words as input, a design that balances the trade-off between vocabulary size, number of parameters, and performance. However, sub-word tokenization still has disadvantages like not being robust to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Chu-Tak Lee , Qipeng Guo , Xipeng Qiu

In recent years, language models have become increasingly larger and more complex. However, the input representations for these models continue to rely on simple and greedy subword tokenization methods. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-14 David Samuel , Lilja Øvrelid

Subword tokenization has become the prevailing standard in the field of natural language processing (NLP) over recent years, primarily due to the widespread utilization of pre-trained language models. This shift began with Byte-Pair…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yanis Labrak , Adrien Bazoge , Beatrice Daille , Mickael Rouvier , Richard Dufour

A morphological analyzer, which is a significant component of many natural language processing applications especially for morphologically rich languages, divides an input word into all its composing morphemes and identifies their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-04 Morteza Naserzade , Aso Mahmudi , Hadi Veisi , Hawre Hosseini , Mohammad MohammadAmini

Tokenization is a fundamental preprocessing step in NLP, directly impacting large language models' (LLMs) ability to capture syntactic, morphosyntactic, and semantic structures. This paper introduces a novel framework for systematically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 M. Ali Bayram , Ali Arda Fincan , Ahmet Semih Gümüş , Sercan Karakaş , Banu Diri , Savaş Yıldırım

Increased popularity of different text representations has also brought many improvements in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Without need of supervised data, embeddings trained on large corpora provide us meaningful relations to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-14 Gökhan Güler , A. Cüneyd Tantuğ

Despite it being the cornerstone of BPE, the most common tokenization algorithm, the importance of compression in the tokenization process is still unclear. In this paper, we argue for the theoretical importance of compression, that can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Omer Goldman , Avi Caciularu , Matan Eyal , Kris Cao , Idan Szpektor , Reut Tsarfaty

The popular subword tokenizers of current language models, such as Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), are known not to respect morpheme boundaries, which affects the downstream performance of the models. While many improved tokenization algorithms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Khuyagbaatar Batsuren , Ekaterina Vylomova , Verna Dankers , Tsetsuukhei Delgerbaatar , Omri Uzan , Yuval Pinter , Gábor Bella

This paper introduces TurkEmbed, a novel Turkish language embedding model designed to outperform existing models, particularly in Natural Language Inference (NLI) and Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) tasks. Current Turkish embedding models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Özay Ezerceli , Gizem Gümüşçekiçci , Tuğba Erkoç , Berke Özenç

Tokenisation is the first step in almost all NLP tasks, and state-of-the-art transformer-based language models all use subword tokenisation algorithms to process input text. Existing algorithms have problems, often producing tokenisations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Edward Gow-Smith , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Carolina Scarton , Aline Villavicencio

Speaker diarization is a fundamental task in speech processing that involves dividing an audio stream by speaker. Although state-of-the-art models have advanced performance in high-resource languages, low-resource languages such as Kurdish…

This work investigates how effectively large language models (LLMs) and their tokenization schemes represent and generate Arabic root-pattern morphology, probing whether they capture genuine morphological structure or rely on surface…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yara Alakeel , Chatrine Qwaider , Hanan Aldarmaki , Sawsan Alqahtani

Large language models route every input through a learned embedding table of shape |V| x d_model, consuming hundreds of millions to billions of trainable parameters at frontier scale. We introduce Kronecker Embeddings, a deterministic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Rohan Shravan

Subword tokenization algorithms used by Large Language Models are significantly more efficient and can independently build the necessary vocabulary of words and subwords without human intervention. However, those subwords do not always…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Óscar García-Sierra , Ana Fernández-Pampillón Cesteros , Miguel Ortega-Martín