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International Classification of Diseases(ICD) is an authoritative health care classification system of different diseases and conditions for clinical and management purposes. Considering the complicated and dedicated process to assign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Haoran Shi , Pengtao Xie , Zhiting Hu , Ming Zhang , Eric P. Xing

Medical coding is a complex task, requiring assignment of a subset of over 72,000 ICD codes to a patient's notes. Modern natural language processing approaches to these tasks have been challenged by the length of the input and size of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Jay DeYoung , Han-Chin Shing , Luyang Kong , Christopher Winestock , Chaitanya Shivade

A ubiquitous task in processing electronic medical data is the assignment of standardized codes representing diagnoses and/or procedures to free-text documents such as medical reports. This is a difficult natural language processing task…

Clinical notes in healthcare facilities are tagged with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code; a list of classification codes for medical diagnoses and procedures. ICD coding is a challenging multilabel text classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Kashyap , Stefan Winkler

Recent advancements in natural language processing (NLP) have led to automation in various domains. However, clinical NLP often relies on benchmark datasets that may not reflect real-world scenarios accurately. Automatic ICD coding, a vital…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Abhijith R. Beeravolu , Mirjam Jonkman , Sami Azam , Friso De Boer

Although the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) has been adopted worldwide, manually assigning ICD codes to clinical text is time-consuming, error-prone, and expensive, motivating the development of automated approaches. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Gonçalo Gomes , Isabel Coutinho , Bruno Martins

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a global medical classification system which provides unique codes for diagnoses and procedures appropriate to a patient's clinical record. However, manual coding by human coders is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Daeseong Kim , Haanju Yoo , Sewon Kim

ICD coding from electronic clinical records is a manual, time-consuming and expensive process. Code assignment is, however, an important task for billing purposes and database organization. While many works have studied the problem of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Arthur D. Reys , Danilo Silva , Daniel Severo , Saulo Pedro , Marcia M. de Souza e Sá , Guilherme A. C. Salgado

International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding procedure which refers to tagging medical notes with diagnosis codes has been shown to be effective and crucial to the billing system in medical sector. Currently, ICD codes are assigned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Biplob Biswas , Thai-Hoang Pham , Ping Zhang

Access to real-world medication prescriptions is essential for medical research and healthcare quality improvement. However, access to real medication prescriptions is often limited due to the sensitive nature of the information expressed.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Samuel Belkadi , Nicolo Micheletti , Lifeng Han , Warren Del-Pinto , Goran Nenadic

Clinical coding is an administrative process that involves the translation of diagnostic data from episodes of care into a standard code format such as ICD10. It has many critical applications such as billing and aetiology research. The…

Past studies on the ICD coding problem focus on predicting clinical codes primarily based on the discharge summary. This covers only a small fraction of the notes generated during each hospital stay and leaves potential for improving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Clarence Boon Liang Ng , Diogo Santos , Marek Rei

Improving the accuracy and reliability of medical coding reduces clinician burnout and supports revenue cycle processes, freeing providers to focus more on patient care. However, automating the assignment of ICD-10-CM and CPT codes from…

Accurate classification of clinical text often requires fine-tuning pre-trained language models, a process that is costly and time-consuming due to the need for high-quality data and expert annotators. Synthetic data generation offers an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ivan Lopez , Fateme Nateghi Haredasht , Kaitlin Caoili , Jonathan H Chen , Akshay Chaudhari

Training data is fundamental to the success of modern machine learning models, yet in high-stakes domains such as healthcare, the use of real-world training data is severely constrained by concerns over privacy leakage. A promising solution…

Clinical Text Notes (CTNs) contain physicians' reasoning process, written in an unstructured free text format, as they examine and interview patients. In recent years, several studies have been published that provide evidence for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Hlynur D. Hlynsson , Steindór Ellertsson , Jón F. Daðason , Emil L. Sigurdsson , Hrafn Loftsson

Clinical coding is currently a labour-intensive, error-prone, but critical administrative process whereby hospital patient episodes are manually assigned codes by qualified staff from large, standardised taxonomic hierarchies of codes.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Thomas Searle , Zina Ibrahim , Richard JB Dobson

Automatic ICD coding, the task of assigning disease and procedure codes to electronic medical records, is crucial for clinical documentation and billing. While existing methods primarily enhance model understanding of code hierarchies and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Tuan-Dung Le , Shohreh Haddadan , Thanh Q. Thieu

Physicians spend significant time documenting clinical encounters, a burden that contributes to professional burnout. To address this, robust automation tools for medical documentation are crucial. We introduce MedSynth -- a novel dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Ahmad Rezaie Mianroodi , Amirali Rezaie , Niko Grisel Todorov , Cyril Rakovski , Frank Rudzicz

Large-scale clinical data is invaluable to driving many computational scientific advances today. However, understandable concerns regarding patient privacy hinder the open dissemination of such data and give rise to suboptimal siloed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Oren Melamud , Chaitanya Shivade