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Foundation models refer to deep learning models pretrained on large unlabeled datasets through self-supervised algorithms. In the Earth science and remote sensing communities, there is growing interest in transforming the use of Earth…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Chuc Man Duc , Hiromichi Fukui

Despite rapid progress in multimodal foundation models, embodied intelligence community still lacks a unified, physically grounded foundation model that integrates perception, reasoning, and planning within real-world spatial-temporal…

Multimodal embedding models aim to yield informative unified representations that empower diverse cross-modal tasks. Despite promising developments in the evolution from CLIP-based dual-tower architectures to large vision-language models,…

The rapid evolution of multimodal foundation model has demonstrated significant progresses in vision-language understanding and generation, e.g., our previous work SEED-LLaMA. However, there remains a gap between its capability and the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuying Ge , Sijie Zhao , Jinguo Zhu , Yixiao Ge , Kun Yi , Lin Song , Chen Li , Xiaohan Ding , Ying Shan

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) continue to struggle to make morally salient judgments in multimodal and socially ambiguous contexts. Prior works typically rely on binary or pairwise supervision, which often fail to capture the continuous and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Eunkyu Park , Wesley Hanwen Deng , Cheyon Jin , Matheus Kunzler Maldaner , Jordan Wheeler , Jason I. Hong , Hong Shen , Adam Perer , Ken Holstein , Motahhare Eslami , Gunhee Kim

Vision-language models (VLMs) have advanced rapidly, yet they still struggle with basic spatial reasoning. Despite strong performance on general benchmarks, modern VLMs remain brittle at understanding 2D spatial relationships such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Nahid Alam , Leema Krishna Murali , Siddhant Bharadwaj , Patrick Liu , Timothy Chung , Drishti Sharma , Akshata A. , Kranthi Kiran , Wesley Tam , Bala Krishna S Vegesna

We introduce InternVL 2.5, an advanced multimodal large language model (MLLM) series that builds upon InternVL 2.0, maintaining its core model architecture while introducing significant enhancements in training and testing strategies as…

This paper introduces the concept of Microscopic Spatial Intelligence (MiSI), the capability to perceive and reason about the spatial relationships of invisible microscopic entities, which is fundamental to scientific discovery. To assess…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Zongzhao Li , Xiangzhe Kong , Jiahui Su , Zongyang Ma , Mingze Li , Songyou Li , Yuelin Zhang , Yu Rong , Tingyang Xu , Deli Zhao , Wenbing Huang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in multimodal understanding, yet their capabilities for scientific reasoning remain inadequately assessed. Current multimodal benchmarks predominantly evaluate generic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Ai Jian , Weijie Qiu , Xiaokun Wang , Peiyu Wang , Yunzhuo Hao , Jiangbo Pei , Yichen Wei , Yi Peng , Xuchen Song

Understanding 3D spatial relationships remains a major limitation of current Vision-Language Models (VLMs). Prior work has addressed this issue by creating spatial question-answering (QA) datasets based on single images or indoor videos.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Mohsen Gholami , Ahmad Rezaei , Zhou Weimin , Sitong Mao , Shunbo Zhou , Yong Zhang , Mohammad Akbari

Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) requires an agent to interpret natural language instructions and navigate complex environments. Current approaches often adopt a "black-box" paradigm, where a single Large Language Model (LLM) makes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Chenghao Liu , Zhimu Zhou , Jiachen Zhang , Minghao Zhang , Songfang Huang , Huiling Duan

Are current Vision Language Models (VLMs) ready to comprehend and reason about complex embodied interactions in 3D environments? We introduce Embodied3DBench, a robot-centric benchmark targeting low-level spatial intelligence in embodied 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jiyao Zhang , Mingxu Zhang , Yitong Peng , Haoxuan Liu , Chenshuo Wang , Yuxing Long , Haoyang Huang , Dongjiang Li , Nan Duan , Hui Shen , Hao Dong

Visual-spatial understanding, the ability to infer object relationships and layouts from visual input, is fundamental to downstream tasks such as robotic navigation and embodied interaction. However, existing methods face spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Haoyu Zhang , Meng Liu , Zaijing Li , Haokun Wen , Weili Guan , Yaowei Wang , Liqiang Nie

The recent rapid development of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) has indicated their potential for embodied tasks.However, the critical skill of spatial understanding in embodied environments has not been thoroughly evaluated, leaving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Mengfei Du , Binhao Wu , Zejun Li , Xuanjing Huang , Zhongyu Wei

Bayesian spatial modeling provides a flexible framework for whole-brain fMRI analysis by explicitly incorporating spatial dependencies, overcoming the limitations of traditional massive univariate approaches that lead to information waste.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-18 Yuan Zhong , Gang Chen , Paul A. Taylor , Jian Kang

While vision language models (VLMs) excel in 2D semantic visual understanding, their ability to quantitatively reason about 3D spatial relationships remains under-explored, due to the deficiency of 2D images' spatial representation ability.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Pingyi Chen , Yujing Lou , Shen Cao , Jinhui Guo , Lubin Fan , Yue Wu , Lin Yang , Lizhuang Ma , Jieping Ye

Visual reasoning, particularly spatial reasoning, is a challenging cognitive task that requires understanding object relationships and their interactions within complex environments, especially in robotics domain. Existing vision_language…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Simindokht Jahangard , Mehrzad Mohammadi , Abhinav Dhall , Hamid Rezatofighi

Recently, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in multimodal tasks, and multimodal instruction data serves as the foundation for enhancing VLM capabilities. Despite the availability of several open-source…

The rapid advancement of remote sensing foundation models, particularly vision and multimodal models, has significantly enhanced the capabilities of intelligent geospatial data interpretation. These models combine various data modalities,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Ziyue Huang , Hongxi Yan , Qiqi Zhan , Shuai Yang , Mingming Zhang , Chenkai Zhang , YiMing Lei , Zeming Liu , Qingjie Liu , Yunhong Wang

Large multimodal models (LMMs) show strong visual-linguistic reasoning but their capacity for spatial decision-making and action remains unclear. In this work, we investigate whether LMMs can achieve embodied spatial action like human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Baining Zhao , Ziyou Wang , Jianjie Fang , Zile Zhou , Yanggang Xu , Yatai Ji , Jiacheng Xu , Qian Zhang , Weichen Zhang , Chen Gao , Xinlei Chen