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Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has demonstrated promise in Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, a major challenge persists due to the high computational cost associated with processing these gigapixel images. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Hongyi Wang , Luyang Luo , Fang Wang , Ruofeng Tong , Yen-Wei Chen , Hongjie Hu , Lanfen Lin , Hao Chen

Classification of gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) is an important prediction task in the emerging area of computational pathology. There has been a surge of research in deep learning models for WSI classification with clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Sajid Javed , Arif Mahmood , Talha Qaiser , Naoufel Werghi , Nasir Rajpoot

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely used in weakly supervised whole slide image (WSI) classification. Typical MIL methods include a feature embedding part, which embeds the instances into features via a pre-trained feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Peijie Qiu , Pan Xiao , Wenhui Zhu , Yalin Wang , Aristeidis Sotiras

Deep learning has been extensively researched in the analysis of pathology whole-slide images (WSIs). However, most existing methods are limited to providing prediction interpretability by locating the model's salient areas in a post-hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zekang Yang , Hong Liu , Xiangdong Wang

Recent advances in attention-based multiple instance learning (MIL) have improved our insights into the tissue regions that models rely on to make predictions in digital pathology. However, the interpretability of these approaches is still…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-09-11 Willem Bonnaffé , CRUK ICGC Prostate Group , Freddie Hamdy , Yang Hu , Ian Mills , Jens Rittscher , Clare Verrill , Dan J. Woodcock

Deploying digital pathology models across medical centers is challenging due to distribution shifts. Recent advances in domain generalization improve model transferability in terms of aggregated performance measured by the Area Under Curve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Arthur Pignet , John Klein , Genevieve Robin , Antoine Olivier

Whole-slide images (WSIs) are critical for cancer diagnosis due to their ultra-high resolution and rich semantic content. However, their massive size and the limited availability of fine-grained annotations pose substantial challenges for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Daoxi Cao , Hangbei Cheng , Yijin Li , Ruolin Zhou , Xuehan Zhang , Xinyi Li , Binwei Li , Xuancheng Gu , Jianan Zhang , Xueyu Liu , Yongfei Wu

Multimodal evidence is critical in computational pathology: gigapixel whole slide images capture tumor morphology, while patient-level clinical descriptors preserve complementary context for prognosis. Integrating such heterogeneous signals…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Chengying She , Chengwei Chen , Xinran Zhang , Ben Wang , Lizhuang Liu , Chengwei Shao , Yun Bian

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) present a challenging computer vision task due to their gigapixel size and presence of numerous artefacts. Yet they are a valuable resource for patient diagnosis and stratification, often representing the gold…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Amaya Gallagher-Syed , Luca Rossi , Felice Rivellese , Costantino Pitzalis , Myles Lewis , Michael Barnes , Gregory Slabaugh

Modern deep learning models excel at pattern recognition but remain fundamentally limited by their reliance on spurious correlations, leading to poor generalization and a demand for massive datasets. We argue that a key ingredient for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Mohamed Zayaan S

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has become the predominant approach for classification tasks on gigapixel histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). Within the MIL framework, single WSIs (bags) are decomposed into patches (instances), with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Daniel Sens , Ario Sadafi , Francesco Paolo Casale , Nassir Navab , Carsten Marr

In pre-clinical pathology, there is a paradox between the abundance of raw data (whole slide images from many organs of many individual animals) and the lack of pixel-level slide annotations done by pathologists. Due to time constraints and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Marco Bertolini , Van-Khoa Le , Jake Pencharz , Andreas Poehlmann , Djork-Arné Clevert , Santiago Villalba , Floriane Montanari

Label-free cell classification is advantageous for supplying pristine cells for further use or examination, yet existing techniques frequently fall short in terms of specificity and speed. In this study, we address these limitations through…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-25 Khayrul Islam , Ratul Paul , Shen Wang , Yuwen Zhao , Partho Adhikary , Qiying Li , Xiaochen Qin , Yaling Liu

Predicting breast cancer recurrence risk is a critical clinical challenge. This study investigates the potential of computational pathology to stratify patients using deep learning on routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained whole-slide…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Jinqiu Chen , Huyan Xu

In pathology, whole-slide images (WSI) based survival prediction has attracted increasing interest. However, given the large size of WSIs and the lack of pathologist annotations, extracting the prognostic information from WSIs remains a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-25 Shuai Jiang , Arief A. Suriawinata , Saeed Hassanpour

Histomorphology is crucial in cancer diagnosis. However, existing whole slide image (WSI) classification methods struggle to effectively incorporate histomorphology information, limiting their ability to capture key pathological features.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Baizhi Wang , Rui Yan , Wenxin Ma , Xu Zhang , Yuhao Wang , Xiaolong Li , Yunjie Gu , Zihang Jiang , S. Kevin Zhou

In digital pathology, the multiple instance learning (MIL) strategy is widely used in the weakly supervised histopathology whole slide image (WSI) classification task where giga-pixel WSIs are only labeled at the slide level. However,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-28 Zhan Shi , Jingwei Zhang , Jun Kong , Fusheng Wang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied to medical imaging diagnosis, where bag labels are known and instance labels inside bags are unknown. Traditional MIL assumes that instances in each bag are independent samples from a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-19 Yunan Wu , Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

Whole Slide Image (WSI) analysis is a powerful method to facilitate the diagnosis of cancer in tissue samples. Automating this diagnosis poses various issues, most notably caused by the immense image resolution and limited annotations. WSIs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Ahmet Gokberk Gul , Oezdemir Cetin , Christoph Reich , Tim Prangemeier , Nadine Flinner , Heinz Koeppl

In computational pathology, multiple instance learning (MIL) is widely used to circumvent the computational impasse in giga-pixel whole slide image (WSI) analysis. It usually consists of two stages: patch-level feature extraction and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-21 Beidi Zhao , Wenlong Deng , Zi Han , Li , Chen Zhou , Zuhua Gao , Gang Wang , Xiaoxiao Li