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Modern language models can contain billions of parameters, raising the question of whether they can generalize beyond the training data or simply parrot their training corpora. We provide the first non-vacuous generalization bounds for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-18 Sanae Lotfi , Marc Finzi , Yilun Kuang , Tim G. J. Rudner , Micah Goldblum , Andrew Gordon Wilson

A mainstream type of current self-supervised learning methods pursues a general-purpose representation that can be well transferred to downstream tasks, typically by optimizing on a given pretext task such as instance discrimination. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Xin Liu , Zhongdao Wang , Yali Li , Shengjin Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks but remain vulnerable to hallucinations, generating factually incorrect or misleading outputs. Uncertainty estimation, often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Manh Nguyen , Sunil Gupta , Hung Le

High-dimensional token embeddings underpin Large Language Models (LLMs), as they can capture subtle semantic information and significantly enhance the modelling of complex language patterns. However, this high dimensionality also introduces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Mingxue Xu , Yao Lei Xu , Danilo P. Mandic

Entropy rate of sequential data-streams naturally quantifies the complexity of the generative process. Thus entropy rate fluctuations could be used as a tool to recognize dynamical perturbations in signal sources, and could potentially be…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-03-24 Ishanu Chattopadhyay , Hod Lipson

In this paper we present an end-to-end meta-learned system for image compression. Traditional machine learning based approaches to image compression train one or more neural network for generalization performance. However, at inference…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-04 Nannan Zou , Honglei Zhang , Francesco Cricri , Hamed R. Tavakoli , Jani Lainema , Miska Hannuksela , Emre Aksu , Esa Rahtu

In recent years, many recommender systems have utilized textual data for topic extraction to enhance interpretability. However, our findings reveal a noticeable deficiency in the coherence of keywords within topics, resulting in low…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Xuefei Jiang , Dairui Liu , Ruihai Dong

Natural language processing (NLP) models often require a massive number of parameters for word embeddings, resulting in a large storage or memory footprint. Deploying neural NLP models to mobile devices requires compressing the word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-20 Raphael Shu , Hideki Nakayama

We conceptualize the process of understanding as information compression, and propose a method for ranking large language models (LLMs) based on lossless data compression. We demonstrate the equivalence of compression length under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Peijia Guo , Ziguang Li , Haibo Hu , Chao Huang , Ming Li , Rui Zhang

Language models can largely benefit from efficient tokenization. However, they still mostly utilize the classical BPE algorithm, a simple and reliable method. This has been shown to cause such issues as under-trained tokens and sub-optimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Pavel Chizhov , Catherine Arnett , Elizaveta Korotkova , Ivan P. Yamshchikov

Since the inception of Large Language Models (LLMs), the quest to efficiently train them for superior reasoning capabilities has been a pivotal challenge. The dominant training paradigm for LLMs is based on next token prediction (NTP).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Pengxiao Lin , Zhongwang Zhang , Zhi-Qin John Xu

The autoencoder concept has fostered the reinterpretation and the design of modern communication systems. It consists of an encoder, a channel, and a decoder block which modify their internal neural structure in an end-to-end learning…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-14 Nunzio A. Letizia , Andrea M. Tonello

Policy gradient algorithms have driven many recent advancements in language model reasoning. An appealing property is their ability to learn from exploration on their own trajectories, a process crucial for fostering diverse and creative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Aleksei Petrenko , Ben Lipkin , Kevin Chen , Erik Wijmans , Marco Cusumano-Towner , Raja Giryes , Philipp Krähenbühl

Tensor decompositions have been successfully applied to compress neural networks. The compression algorithms using tensor decompositions commonly minimize the approximation error on the weights. Recent work assumes the approximation error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Jetze T. Schuurmans , Kim Batselier , Julian F. P. Kooij

Transformer-based large language models are trained to make predictions about the next word by aggregating representations of previous tokens through their self-attention mechanism. In the field of cognitive modeling, such attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Byung-Doh Oh , William Schuler

We propose a novel scaling law for general-purpose decoder-only language models (LMs) trained on multilingual data, tackling the problem of balancing languages during multilingual pretraining. A primary challenge in studying multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Yifei He , Alon Benhaim , Barun Patra , Praneetha Vaddamanu , Sanchit Ahuja , Parul Chopra , Vishrav Chaudhary , Han Zhao , Xia Song

We explore the possibility of improving probabilistic models in structured prediction. Specifically, we combine the models with constrained decoding approaches in the context of token classification for information extraction. The decoding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Arthur Hemmer , Mickaël Coustaty , Nicola Bartolo , Jérôme Brachat , Jean-Marc Ogier

Assisted text input techniques can save time and effort and improve text quality. In this paper, we investigate how grounded and conditional extensions to standard neural language models can bring improvements in the tasks of word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-21 Georgios P. Spithourakis , Steffen E. Petersen , Sebastian Riedel

The Maximum Entropy Modeling Toolkit supports parameter estimation and prediction for statistical language models in the maximum entropy framework. The maximum entropy framework provides a constructive method for obtaining the unique…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Eric Sven Ristad

Large language models internalize enormous parametric knowledge during pre-training. Concurrently, realistic applications necessitate external contextual knowledge to aid models on the underlying tasks. This raises a crucial dilemma known…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Xiaowei Yuan , Zhao Yang , Yequan Wang , Shengping Liu , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu