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Augmenting Large Language Models (LLMs) with retrieved external knowledge has proven effective for improving the factual accuracy of generated responses. Despite their success, retrieval-augmented LLMs still face the distractibility issue,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zexuan Qiu , Zijing Ou , Bin Wu , Jingjing Li , Aiwei Liu , Irwin King

Today's probabilistic language generators fall short when it comes to producing coherent and fluent text despite the fact that the underlying models perform well under standard metrics, e.g., perplexity. This discrepancy has puzzled the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Clara Meister , Tiago Pimentel , Gian Wiher , Ryan Cotterell

Measuring the complexity of tree structures can be beneficial in areas that use tree data structures for storage, communication, and processing purposes. This complexity can then be used to compress tree data structures to their…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Amirmohammad Farzaneh , Mihai-Alin Badiu , Justin P. Coon

The adoption of Transformer-based models in natural language processing (NLP) has led to great success using a massive number of parameters. However, due to deployment constraints in edge devices, there has been a rising interest in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Klaudia Bałazy , Mohammadreza Banaei , Rémi Lebret , Jacek Tabor , Karl Aberer

In-context learning has established itself as an important learning paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs). In this paper, we demonstrate that LLMs can learn encoding keys in-context and perform analysis directly on encoded…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Andresa Rodrigues de Campos , David Lee , Imry Kissos , Piyush Paritosh

In signal analysis and synthesis, linear approximation theory considers a linear decomposition of any given signal in a set of atoms, collected into a so-called dictionary. Relevant sparse representations are obtained by relaxing the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-11-04 Paul Honeine

Training long-context language models to capture long-range dependencies requires specialized data construction. Current approaches, such as generic text concatenation or heuristic-based variants, frequently fail to guarantee genuine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Junlong Jia , Ziyang Chen , Xing Wu , Chaochen Gao , Zijia Lin , Debing Zhang , Songlin Hu , Binghui Guo

The encoder and decoder for lossy data compression of binary memoryless sources are developed on the basis of a specific-type nonmonotonic perceptron. Statistical mechanical analysis indicates that the potential ability of the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-11-11 Tadaaki Hosaka , Yoshiyuki Kabashima

There is growing interest in studying the languages that emerge when neural agents are jointly trained to solve tasks requiring communication through a discrete channel. We investigate here the information-theoretic complexity of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Eugene Kharitonov , Rahma Chaabouni , Diane Bouchacourt , Marco Baroni

Cross-entropy loss is a common choice when it comes to multiclass classification tasks and language modeling in particular. Minimizing this loss results in language models of very good quality. We show that it is possible to fine-tune these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-01-16 Vadim Popov , Mikhail Kudinov

Sequential recommender systems have achieved steady gains in offline accuracy, yet it remains unclear how close current models are to the intrinsic accuracy limit imposed by the data. A reliable, model-agnostic estimate of this ceiling…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-15 En Xu , Jingtao Ding , Yong Li

Recent years have witnessed the rapid advancements of large language models (LLMs) and their expanding applications, leading to soaring demands for computational resources. The widespread adoption of test-time scaling further intensifies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Cheng Yuan , Jiawei Shao , Xuelong Li

Estimating the entropy of a discrete random variable is a fundamental problem in information theory and related fields. This problem has many applications in various domains, including machine learning, statistics and data compression. Over…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Yuval Shalev , Amichai Painsky , Irad Ben-Gal

The objective of drug discovery is to identify chemical compounds that possess specific pharmaceutical properties toward a binding target. Existing large language models (LLMS) can achieve high token matching scores in terms of likelihood…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Xuefeng Liu , Chih-chan Tien , Peng Ding , Songhao Jiang , Rick L. Stevens

Low precision training and inference affect both the quality and cost of language models, but current scaling laws do not account for this. In this work, we devise "precision-aware" scaling laws for both training and inference. We propose…

The state of the art on many NLP tasks is currently achieved by large pre-trained language models, which require a considerable amount of computation. We explore a setting where many different predictions are made on a single piece of text.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Jingfei Du , Myle Ott , Haoran Li , Xing Zhou , Veselin Stoyanov

The ever-growing size of neural networks poses serious challenges on resource-constrained devices, such as embedded sensors. Compression algorithms that reduce their size can mitigate these problems, provided that model performance stays…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Alexander Conzelmann , Robert Bamler

We study language models as evolving model organisms and ask when autoregressive next-token learning selects for world-tracking representations. For any encoding of latent world states, the Bayes-optimal next-token cross-entropy decomposes…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-08 Giulio Valentino Dalla Riva

Recent developments enable the quantification of causal control given a structural causal model (SCM). This has been accomplished by introducing quantities which encode changes in the entropy of one variable when intervening on another.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Francisco N. F. Q. Simoes , Mehdi Dastani , Thijs van Ommen

Current language models are considered to have sub-human capabilities at natural language tasks like question-answering or writing code. However, language models are not trained to perform well at these tasks, they are trained to accurately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Buck Shlegeris , Fabien Roger , Lawrence Chan , Euan McLean