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The rapid development of LLMs has raised concerns about their potential misuse, leading to various watermarking schemes that typically offer high detectability. However, existing watermarking techniques often face trade-off between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Chenrui Wang , Junyi Shu , Billy Chiu , Yu Li , Saleh Alharbi , Min Zhang , Jing Li

The Gradient Boosted Tree (GBT) algorithm is one of the most popular machine learning algorithms used in production, for tasks that include Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction and learning-to-rank. To deal with the massive datasets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Theodore Vasiloudis , Hyunsu Cho , Henrik Boström

The wide application of deep learning techniques is boosting the regulation of deep learning models, especially deep neural networks (DNN), as commercial products. A necessary prerequisite for such regulations is identifying the owner of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Fang-Qi Li , Shi-Lin Wang , Yun Zhu

With the development of large models, watermarks are increasingly employed to assert copyright, verify authenticity, or monitor content distribution. As applications become more multimodal, the utility of watermarking techniques becomes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Jielin Qiu , William Han , Xuandong Zhao , Shangbang Long , Christos Faloutsos , Lei Li

Gradient boosted models are a fundamental machine learning technique. Robustness to small perturbations of the input is an important quality measure for machine learning models, but the literature lacks a method to prove the robustness of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Gil Einziger , Maayan Goldstein , Yaniv Sa'ar , Itai Segall

Latent Diffusion Models (LDMs) enable a wide range of applications but raise ethical concerns regarding illegal utilization. Adding watermarks to generative model outputs is a vital technique employed for copyright tracking and mitigating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Liangqi Lei , Keke Gai , Jing Yu , Liehuang Zhu

Watermarking technology has gained significant attention due to the increasing importance of intellectual property (IP) rights, particularly with the growing deployment of large language models (LLMs) on billions resource-constrained edge…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Qingxiao Guo , Xinjie Zhu , Yilong Ma , Hui Jin , Yunhao Wang , Weifeng Zhang , Xiaobing Guo

Watermarking has emerged as a pivotal solution for content traceability and intellectual property protection in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). However, vision-agnostic watermarks may introduce visually irrelevant tokens and disrupt…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yue Li , Xin Yi , Dongsheng Shi , Yongyi Cui , Gerard de Melo , Linlin Wang

Machine learning applications such as finance and medicine demand accurate and justifiable predictions, barring most deep learning methods from use. In response, previous work combines decision trees with deep learning, yielding models that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Alvin Wan , Lisa Dunlap , Daniel Ho , Jihan Yin , Scott Lee , Henry Jin , Suzanne Petryk , Sarah Adel Bargal , Joseph E. Gonzalez

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely deployed in industry, making their intellectual property valuable. However, protecting GNNs from unauthorized use remains a challenge. Watermarking offers a solution by embedding ownership information…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jane Downer , Yingdan Shi , Ziyan Liu , Ren Wang , Binghui Wang

Protecting intellectual property on LLM-generated code necessitates effective watermarking systems that can operate within code's highly structured, syntactically constrained nature. In this work, we introduce CodeTracer, an innovative…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhimeng Guo , Huaisheng Zhu , Siyuan Xu , Hangfan Zhang , Teng Xiao , Minhao Cheng

This work studied embedding positions of digital audio watermarking in wavelet domain, to make beginners understand the nature of watermarking in a short time. Based on the theory of wavelet transform, this paper analyzed statistical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Yangxia Hu , Maode Ma , Wenhuan Lu , Neal N. Xiong , Jianguo Wei

Estimation of the Embedding capacity is an important problem specifically in reversible multi-pass watermarking and is required for analysis before any image can be watermarked. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for estimating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-02-08 Rishabh Iyer , Rushikesh Borse , Ronak Shah , Subhasis Chaudhuri

Gradient boosted decision trees (GBDTs) are widely used in machine learning, and the output of current GBDT implementations is a single variable. When there are multiple outputs, GBDT constructs multiple trees corresponding to the output…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Zhendong Zhang , Cheolkon Jung

A gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), which aggregates a collection of single weak learners (i.e. decision trees), is widely used for data mining tasks. Because GBDT inherits the good performance from its ensemble essence, much…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-06 Wenjing Fang , Jun Zhou , Xiaolong Li , Kenny Q. Zhu

Watermarking diffusion-generated images is crucial for copyright protection and user tracking. However, current diffusion watermarking methods face significant limitations: zero-bit watermarking systems lack the capacity for large-scale…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Jiazheng Xing , Hai Ci , Hongbin Xu , Hangjie Yuan , Yong Liu , Mike Zheng Shou

Data has been regarded as a valuable asset with the fast development of artificial intelligence technologies. In this paper, we introduce deep-learning neural network-based frequency-domain watermarking for protecting energy system time…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-12 Zhenghao Zhou , Yiyan Li , Xinjie Yu , Jian Ping , Xiaoyuan Xu , Zheng Yan , Mohammad Shahidehpour

As policy catches up with the capabilities of generative AI, watermarking is central to content provenance efforts. Inference-time watermarks for autoregressive models are unfit for continuous modalities due to discretization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Georgios Milis , Yubin Qin , Yihan Wu , Heng Huang

We propose a soft gradient boosting framework for sequential regression that embeds a learnable linear feature transform within the boosting procedure. At each boosting iteration, we train a soft decision tree and learn a linear input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Huseyin Karaca , Suleyman Serdar Kozat

Gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) is a widely-used machine learning algorithm in both data analytic competitions and real-world industrial applications. Further, driven by the rapid increase in data volume, efforts have been made to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Fangcheng Fu , Jiawei Jiang , Yingxia Shao , Bin Cui