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Related papers: Readability Measures and Automatic Text Simplifica…

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Recent studies have used both automatic metrics and human evaluations to assess the simplification abilities of LLMs. However, the suitability of existing evaluation methodologies for LLMs remains in question. First, the suitability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Xuanxin Wu , Yuki Arase

Readability assessment aims to evaluate the reading difficulty of a text. In recent years, while deep learning technology has been gradually applied to readability assessment, most approaches fail to consider either the length of the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yurui Zheng , Yijun Chen , Shaohong Zhang

Readability refers to how easily a reader can understand a written text. Several factors affect the readability level, such as the complexity of the text, its subject matter, and the reader's background knowledge. Generating summaries based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Mohit Bansal , Markus Dreyer

Machine translation evaluation is a very important activity in machine translation development. Automatic evaluation metrics proposed in literature are inadequate as they require one or more human reference translations to compare them with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-11-18 Nisheeth Joshi , Iti Mathur , Hemant Darbari , Ajai Kumar

In text summarization, evaluating the efficacy of automatic metrics without human judgments has become recently popular. One exemplar work concludes that automatic metrics strongly disagree when ranking high-scoring summaries. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Manik Bhandari , Pranav Gour , Atabak Ashfaq , Pengfei Liu

Automated decision systems (ADS) are increasingly used for consequential decision-making. These systems often rely on sophisticated yet opaque machine learning models, which do not allow for understanding how a given decision was arrived…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Jakob Schoeffer

The overwhelming volume of data generated and indexed by search engines poses a significant challenge in retrieving documents from the index efficiently and effectively. Even with a well-crafted query, several relevant documents often get…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Aman Sinha , Priyanshu Raj Mall , Dwaipayan Roy

Recent developments in machine learning have introduced models that approach human performance at the cost of increased architectural complexity. Efforts to make the rationales behind the models' predictions transparent have inspired an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Pepa Atanasova , Jakob Grue Simonsen , Christina Lioma , Isabelle Augenstein

Understanding the text in legal documents can be challenging due to their complex structure and the inclusion of domain-specific jargon. Laws and regulations are often crafted in such a manner that engagement with them requires formal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Yu Han , Aaron Ceross , Jeroen H. M. Bergmann

Code search engines usually use readability feature to rank code snippets. There are several metrics to calculate this feature, but developers may have different perceptions about readability. Correlation between readability and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Carlos Eduardo C. Dantas , Marcelo A. Maia

In Machine Translation (MT) evaluation, metric performance is assessed based on agreement with human judgments. In recent years, automatic metrics have demonstrated increasingly high levels of agreement with humans. To gain a clearer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Lorenzo Proietti , Stefano Perrella , Roberto Navigli

Automatic text simplification (ATS) aims to enhance language accessibility for various target groups, particularly persons with intellectual disabilities. Recent advancements in generative AI, especially large language models (LLMs), have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yingqiang Gao , Kaede Johnson , David Froehlich , Luisa Carrer , Sarah Ebling

Measuring text complexity is an essential task in several fields and applications (such as NLP, semantic web, smart education, etc.). The semantic layer of text is more tacit than its syntactic structure and, as a result, calculation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-03 MohammadReza Besharati , Mohammad Izadi

Conventionally, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems are evaluated on their ability to correctly recognize each word contained in a speech signal. In this context, the word error rate (WER) metric is the reference for evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Thibault Bañeras Roux , Jane Wottawa , Mickael Rouvier , Teva Merlin , Richard Dufour

Interpretability is crucial for building safe, reliable, and controllable language models, yet existing interpretability pipelines remain costly and difficult to scale. Interpreting a new model typically requires training model-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Bruno Puri , Jim Berend , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Wojciech Samek

Sentences that present a complex syntax act as a major stumbling block for downstream Natural Language Processing applications whose predictive quality deteriorates with sentence length and complexity. The task of Text Simplification (TS)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Christina Niklaus , Matthias Cetto , André Freitas , Siegfried Handschuh

Reading comprehension is an important ability of human intelligence. Literacy and numeracy are two most essential foundation for people to succeed at study, at work and in life. Reading comprehension ability is a core component of literacy.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-06 Yuan Miao , Gongqi Lin , Yidan Hu , Chunyan Miao

Despite the successes of language models, their evaluation remains a daunting challenge for new and existing tasks. We consider the task of text simplification, commonly used to improve information accessibility, where evaluation faces two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Joseph Liu , Yoonsoo Nam , Xinyue Cui , Swabha Swayamdipta

Reading code is an essential activity in software maintenance and evolution. Several studies with human subjects have investigated how different factors, such as the employed programming constructs and naming conventions, can impact code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Delano Oliveira , Reydne Bruno , Fernanda Madeiral , Fernando Castor

Language learners should regularly engage in reading challenging materials as part of their study routine. Nevertheless, constantly referring to dictionaries is time-consuming and distracting. This paper presents a novel gaze-driven…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Taichi Higasa , Keitaro Tanaka , Qi Feng , Shigeo Morishima