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Language models trained to solve reasoning tasks via reinforcement learning have achieved striking results. We refer to these models as reasoning models. Are the Chains of Thought (CoTs) of reasoning models more faithful than traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 James Chua , Owain Evans

Current large language models can perform reasonably well on complex tasks that require step-by-step reasoning with few-shot learning. Are these models applying reasoning skills they have learnt during pre-training and reason outside of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Ping Yu , Tianlu Wang , Olga Golovneva , Badr AlKhamissi , Siddharth Verma , Zhijing Jin , Gargi Ghosh , Mona Diab , Asli Celikyilmaz

Discrete diffusion models have recently become competitive with autoregressive models for language modeling, even outperforming them on reasoning tasks requiring planning and global coherence, but they require more computation at inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Andre He , Sean Welleck , Daniel Fried

Advanced test-time computing strategies are essential for scaling reasoning models, but their effectiveness is capped by the models' poor self-evaluation. We propose a pairwise Explanatory Verifier, trained via reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Anisha Garg , Engin Tekin , Yash More , David Bick , Nishit Neema , Ganesh Venkatesh

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in long and complex reasoning tasks. However, they frequently exhibit a problematic reliance on familiar reasoning patterns, a phenomenon we term \textit{reasoning rigidity}.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Doohyuk Jang , Yoonjeon Kim , Chanjae Park , Hyun Ryu , Eunho Yang

Natural language reasoning plays an increasingly important role in improving language models' ability to solve complex language understanding tasks. An interesting use case for reasoning is the resolution of context-dependent ambiguity. But…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Stefan F. Schouten , Peter Bloem , Ilia Markov , Piek Vossen

Most fact checking models for automatic fake news detection are based on reasoning: given a claim with associated evidence, the models aim to estimate the claim veracity based on the supporting or refuting content within the evidence. When…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Casper Hansen , Christian Hansen , Lucas Chaves Lima

While test-time reasoning enables language models (LMs) to tackle complex tasks, searching or planning in natural language can be slow, costly, and error-prone. But even when LMs struggle to emulate the precise reasoning steps needed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Gabriel Grand , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Vikash K. Mansinghka , Alexander K. Lew , Jacob Andreas

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) significantly enhances large language models (LLMs) reasoning but severely suffers from calibration degeneration, where models become excessively over-confident in incorrect answers.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhengzhao Ma , Xueru Wen , Boxi Cao , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Jinglin Yang , Min He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

While recent years have witnessed the emergence of various explainable methods in machine learning, to what degree the explanations really represent the reasoning process behind the model prediction -- namely, the faithfulness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Yingqiang Ge , Shuchang Liu , Zelong Li , Shuyuan Xu , Shijie Geng , Yunqi Li , Juntao Tan , Fei Sun , Yongfeng Zhang

Our goal is a question-answering (QA) system that can show how its answers are implied by its own internal beliefs via a systematic chain of reasoning. Such a capability would allow better understanding of why a model produced the answer it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Oyvind Tafjord , Bhavana Dalvi Mishra , Peter Clark

Through reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), large language models have achieved substantial progress in domains with easily verifiable outcomes, such as mathematics and coding. However, when applied to more complex tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Qiyao Ma , Yunsheng Shi , Hongtao Tian , Chao Wang , Weiming Chang , Ting Yao

Latent reasoning via continuous chain-of-thoughts (Latent CoT) has emerged as a promising alternative to discrete CoT reasoning. Operating in continuous space increases expressivity and has been hypothesized to enable superposition: the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Michael Rizvi-Martel , Guillaume Rabusseau , Marius Mosbach

Speculative decoding has emerged as an effective approach for accelerating autoregressive inference by parallelizing token generation through a draft-then-verify paradigm. However, existing methods rely on static drafting lengths and rigid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jaydip Sen , Subhasis Dasgupta , Hetvi Waghela

Large natural language models (such as GPT-3 or T5) demonstrate impressive abilities across a range of general NLP tasks. Here, we show that the knowledge embedded in such models provides a useful inductive bias, not just on traditional NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Christopher Michael Rytting , David Wingate

Non-deductive reasoning, encompassing inductive and abductive reasoning, is essential in addressing complex real-world questions. One key feature of inductive and abductive reasoning is that there are many valid hypotheses; the simplest…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Yunxin Sun , Abulhair Saparov

We develop a model of abduction in abstract argumentation, where changes to an argumentation framework act as hypotheses to explain the support of an observation. We present dialogical proof theories for the main decision problems (i.e.,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-07-16 Richard Booth , Dov Gabbay , Souhila Kaci , Tjitze Rienstra , Leendert van der Torre

Autoregressive (AR) language models enforce a fixed left-to-right generation order, creating a fundamental limitation when the required output structure conflicts with natural reasoning (e.g., producing answers before explanations due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Longxuan Yu , Yu Fu , Shaorong Zhang , Hui Liu , Mukund Varma T , Greg Ver Steeg , Yue Dong

What is reasoning? This question has driven centuries of philosophical inquiry, from Aristotle's syllogisms to modern computational complexity theory. In the age of large language models achieving superhuman performance on benchmarks like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zixi Li

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown great potential to enhance the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs). However, due to the limited amount of information provided during the RLVR process, the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhipeng Chen , Xiaobo Qin , Wayne Xin Zhao , Youbin Wu , Ji-Rong Wen