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Technical Debt is a term used to classify non-optimal solutions during software development. These solutions cause several maintenance problems and hence they should be avoided or at least documented. Although there are a considered number…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-04-07 Marcelino Campos Oliveira Silva , Marco Tulio Valente , Ricardo Terra

Architectural debt is a form of technical debt that derives from the gap between the architectural design of the system as it "should be" compared to "as it is". We measured architecture debt in two ways: 1) in terms of system-wide coupling…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Maleknaz Nayebi , Yuanfang Cai , Rick Kazman , Guenther Ruhe , Qiong Feng , Chris Carlson , Francis Chew

Technical debt has become a well-known metaphor among software professionals, illustrating how shortcuts taken during development can accumulate and become a burden for software projects. In the traditional notion of technical debt,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Sebastian Baltes , Veronika Dashuber

Technical Debt (TD) refers to the long-term costs incurred when developers prioritize short-term delivery over quality-improving work. Architectural Technical Debt (ATD) arises when architectural decisions (e.g., technology choices,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Edi Sutoyo , Paris Avgeriou , Andrea Capiluppi

The technical debt (TD) metaphor is widely used to encapsulate numerous software quality problems. She describes the trade-off between the short term benefit of taking a shortcut during the design or implementation phase of a software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Ronivon Dias , Pedro Neto , Irvayne Ibiapina , Guilherme Avelino e Otavio Castro

Technical debt (TD) describes the additional costs that emerge when developers have opted for a quick and easy solution to a problem, rather than a more effective and well-designed, but time-consuming approach. Self-Admitted Technical Debts…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Nam Le Hai , Anh M. T. Bui , Phuong T. Nguyen , Davide Di Ruscio , Rick Kazman

Background: Widespread use of third-party libraries makes ecosystems like Node Package Manager (npm) critical to modern software development. However, this interconnected chain of dependencies also creates challenges: bugs in one library…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Mohammadreza Saeidi , Ethan Thoma , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Gema Rodríguez-Pérez

Tightly coupled and interdependent systems inhibit productivity by requiring developers to carefully coordinate their changes, even when modifying subsystems that should be independent of one another. Poor architectural decisions frequently…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Jason Lefever , Yuanfang Cai , Rick Kazman , Hongzhou Fang

Upon evolving their software, organizations and individual developers have to spend a substantial effort to pay back technical debt, i.e., the fact that software is released in a shape not as good as it should be, e.g., in terms of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Antonio Mastropaolo , Massimiliano Di Penta , Gabriele Bavota

Automatic testing is a widely adopted technique for improving software quality. Software developers add, remove and update test methods and test classes as part of the software development process as well as during the evolution phase,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-09-27 Stanislav Levin , Amiram Yehudai

The technical state of software, i.e., its technical debt (TD) and maintainability are of increasing interest as ever more software is developed and deployed. Since td and maintainability are neither uniformly defined, not easy to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Rolf-Helge Pfeiffer , Mircea Lungu

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) is a form of Technical Debt where developers document the debt using source code comments (SATD-C) or issues (SATD-I). However, it is still unclear the circumstances that drive developers to choose one or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Laerte Xavier , João Eduardo Montandon , Marco Tulio Valente

In the software development industry, technical debt is regarded as a critical issue in term of the negative consequences such as increased software development cost, low product quality, decreased maintainability, and slowed progress to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Simon Hacks , Hendrik Höfert , Johannes Salentin , Yoon Chow Yeong , Horst Lichter

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) is a special form of technical debt in which developers intentionally record their hacks in the code by adding comments for attention. Here, we focus on issue-related "On-hold SATD", where developers…

The technical debt (TD) metaphor describes actions made during various stages of software development that lead to a more costly future regarding system maintenance and evolution. According to recent studies, on average 25% of development…

The availability of open-source projects facilitates developers to contribute and collaborate on a wide range of projects. As a result, the developer community contributing to such open-source projects is also increasing. Many of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Akhila Sri Manasa Venigalla , Sridhar Chimalakonda

Patch backporting, the process of migrating mainline security patches to older branches, is an essential task in maintaining popular open-source projects (e.g., Linux kernel). However, manual backporting can be labor-intensive, while…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zhaoyang Li , Zheng Yu , Jingyi Song , Meng Xu , Yuxuan Luo , Dongliang Mu

Open source software ecosystems consist of thousands of interdependent libraries, which users can combine to great effect. Recent work has pointed out two kinds of risks in these systems: that technical problems like bugs and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-11 William Schueller , Johannes Wachs

Python software development heavily relies on third-party packages. Direct and transitive dependencies create a labyrinth of software supply chains. While it is convenient to reuse code, vulnerabilities within these dependency chains can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jacob Mahon , Chenxi Hou , Zhihao Yao

Speeding up development may produce technical debt, i.e., not-quite-right code for which the effort to make it right increases with time as a sort of interest. Developers may be aware of the debt as they admit it in their code comments.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Barbara Russo , Matteo Camilli , Moritz Mock