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Sparsely activated transformers, such as Mixture of Experts (MoE), have received great interest due to their outrageous scaling capability which enables dramatical increases in model size without significant increases in computational cost.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Rui Liu , Young Jin Kim , Alexandre Muzio , Hany Hassan Awadalla

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale neural networks by conditionally activating a small subset of experts, where the router plays a central role in determining expert specialization and overall model performance. However, many modern MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Minghao Yang , Ren Togo , Guang Li , Takahiro Ogawa , Miki Haseyama

We model Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) token routing as a congestion game with a single effective parameter, the congestion coefficient gamma_eff, that quantifies the balance-quality tradeoff. Tracking gamma_eff across training checkpoints of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Charafeddine Mouzouni

The sparse Mixture-of-Experts (Sparse-MoE) framework efficiently scales up model capacity in various domains, such as natural language processing and vision. Sparse-MoEs select a subset of the "experts" (thus, only a portion of the overall…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Shibal Ibrahim , Wenyu Chen , Hussein Hazimeh , Natalia Ponomareva , Zhe Zhao , Rahul Mazumder

With the recent advancements of deep learning technologies, the performance of voice conversion (VC) in terms of quality and similarity has been significantly improved. However, heavy computations are generally required for…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Yu-Tao Chang , Yuan-Hong Yang , Yu-Huai Peng , Syu-Siang Wang , Tai-Shih Chi , Yu Tsao , Hsin-Min Wang

Sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts (MoE) has been widely adopted to scale deep learning models to trillion-plus parameters with fixed computational cost. The algorithmic performance of MoE relies on its token routing mechanism that forwards…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Changho Hwang , Wei Cui , Yifan Xiong , Ziyue Yang , Ze Liu , Han Hu , Zilong Wang , Rafael Salas , Jithin Jose , Prabhat Ram , Joe Chau , Peng Cheng , Fan Yang , Mao Yang , Yongqiang Xiong

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models lack explicit constraints to ensure the router's decisions align well with the experts' capabilities, which ultimately limits model performance. To address this, we propose expert-router coupling (ERC) loss,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Ang Lv , Jin Ma , Yiyuan Ma , Siyuan Qiao

Steered-Mixtures-of Experts (SMoE) present a unified framework for sparse representation and compression of image data with arbitrary dimensionality. Recent work has shown great improvements in the performance of such models for image and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-14 Rolf Jongebloed , Erik Bochinski , Thomas Sikora

Sparsely activated Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE) has shown promise in scaling up the learning capacity of neural networks. However, vanilla SMoEs have issues such as expert redundancy and heavy memory requirements, making them inefficient and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Ajay Jaiswal , Jianyu Wang , Yixiao Li , Pingzhi Li , Tianlong Chen , Zhangyang Wang , Chong Wang , Ruoming Pang , Xianzhi Du

The sparse Mixture of Experts(MoE) architecture has evolved as a powerful approach for scaling deep learning models to more parameters with comparable computation cost. As an important branch of large language model(LLM), MoE model only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Dong Pan , Bingtao Li , Yongsheng Zheng , Jiren Ma , Victor Fei

Understanding the internal organization of neural networks remains a fundamental challenge in deep learning interpretability. We address this challenge by exploring a novel Sparse Mixture of Experts Variational Autoencoder (SMoE-VAE)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Strahinja Nikolic , Ilker Oguz , Demetri Psaltis

This paper presents consideration of the Semi-Relaxed Sinkhorn (SR-Sinkhorn) algorithm for the semi-relaxed optimal transport (SROT) problem, which relaxes one marginal constraint of the standard OT problem. For evaluation of how the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Takumi Fukunaga , Hiroyuki Kasai

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models are typically pre-trained with explicit load-balancing constraints to ensure statistically balanced expert routing. Despite this, we observe that even well-trained MoE models exhibit significantly imbalanced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Shrey Pandit , Austin Xu , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures employ increasingly sophisticated routing mechanisms -- learned routers, multi-hop trajectories, token-dependent gating. We ask: does routing topology actually determine language modeling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Ivan Ternovtsii , Yurii Bilak

We present ScatterMoE, an implementation of Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE) on GPUs. ScatterMoE builds upon existing implementations, and overcoming some of the limitations to improve inference and training speed, and memory footprint.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Shawn Tan , Yikang Shen , Rameswar Panda , Aaron Courville

We present Sparse Interpolated Mixture-of-Experts (SIMoE) instruction-tuning, an end-to-end algorithm designed to fine-tune a dense pre-trained Large Language Model (LLM) into a MoE-style model that possesses capabilities in multiple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Shengzhuang Chen , Ying Wei , Jonathan Richard Schwarz

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can achieve promising results with outrageous large amount of parameters but constant computation cost, and thus it has become a trend in model scaling. Still it is a mystery how MoE layers bring quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 An Yang , Junyang Lin , Rui Men , Chang Zhou , Le Jiang , Xianyan Jia , Ang Wang , Jie Zhang , Jiamang Wang , Yong Li , Di Zhang , Wei Lin , Lin Qu , Jingren Zhou , Hongxia Yang

Diffusion-based policies have established a new standard for precise robotic manipulation but face a critical scalability bottleneck: high-performance models are computationally expensive, while lightweight alternatives often fail to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Chengyu Deng , Guanqi Chen , Yizhou Chen , Zejia Liu , Zhiwen Ruan , Guanhua Chen , Jia Pan

We study Sinkhorn EM (sEM), a variant of the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm for mixtures based on entropic optimal transport. sEM differs from the classic EM algorithm in the way responsibilities are computed during the expectation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-01 Gonzalo Mena , Amin Nejatbakhsh , Erdem Varol , Jonathan Niles-Weed

Recently, learning-based stereo matching networks have advanced significantly. However, they often lack robustness and struggle to achieve impressive cross-domain performance due to domain shifts and imbalanced disparity distributions among…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Yun Wang , Longguang Wang , Chenghao Zhang , Yongjian Zhang , Zhanjie Zhang , Ao Ma , Chenyou Fan , Tin Lun Lam , Junjie Hu