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Given the clinical notes written in electronic health records (EHRs), it is challenging to predict the diagnostic codes which is formulated as a multi-label classification task. The large set of labels, the hierarchical dependency, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Shang-Chi Tsai , Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen

This study investigates the feasibility of automating clinical coding in Russian, a language with limited biomedical resources. We present a new dataset for ICD coding, which includes diagnosis fields from electronic health records (EHRs)…

Medical coding, the translation of unstructured clinical text into standardized medical codes, is a crucial but time-consuming healthcare practice. Though large language models (LLM) could automate the coding process and improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 John Wu , David Wu , Jimeng Sun

Prediction of medical codes from clinical notes is both a practical and essential need for every healthcare delivery organization within current medical systems. Automating annotation will save significant time and excessive effort spent by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Byung-Hak Kim , Varun Ganapathi

Machine Learning (ML) is widely used to automatically extract meaningful information from Electronic Health Records (EHR) to support operational, clinical, and financial decision-making. However, ML models require a large number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Martha Dais Ferreira , Michal Malyska , Nicola Sahar , Riccardo Miotto , Fernando Paulovich , Evangelos Milios

Automatic ICD coding from clinical text is a critical task in medical NLP but remains hindered by the extreme long-tail distribution of diagnostic codes. Thousands of rare and zero-shot ICD codes are severely underrepresented in datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Truong Vo , Weiyi Wu , Kaize Ding

ICD coding is the process of mapping unstructured text from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to standardised codes defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system. In order to promote trust and transparency, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Mingyang Li , Viktor Schlegel , Tingting Mu , Wuraola Oyewusi , Kai Kang , Goran Nenadic

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple ICD codes to a medical note with an average of 3,000+ tokens. This task is challenging due to the high-dimensional space of multi-label assignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Zhichao Yang , Sunjae Kwon , Zonghai Yao , Hong Yu

Clinical interactions are initially recorded and documented in free text medical notes. ICD coding is the task of classifying and coding all diagnoses, symptoms and procedures associated with a patient's visit. The process is often manual…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Zachariah Zhang , Jingshu Liu , Narges Razavian

Disease name normalization is an important task in the medical domain. It classifies disease names written in various formats into standardized names, serving as a fundamental component in smart healthcare systems for various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Wenqian Cui , Xiangling Fu , Shaohui Liu , Mingjun Gu , Xien Liu , Ji Wu , Irwin King

Clinical coding is the task of transforming medical information in a patient's health records into structured codes so that they can be used for statistical analysis. This is a cognitive and time-consuming task that follows a standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Hang Dong , Matúš Falis , William Whiteley , Beatrice Alex , Joshua Matterson , Shaoxiong Ji , Jiaoyan Chen , Honghan Wu

Clinical notes are unstructured text generated by clinicians during patient encounters. Clinical notes are usually accompanied by a set of metadata codes from the International Classification of Diseases(ICD). ICD code is an important code…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Tak-Sung Heo , Yongmin Yoo , Yeongjoon Park , Byeong-Cheol Jo , Kyungsun Kim

Disease name normalization is an important task in the medical domain. It classifies disease names written in various formats into standardized names, serving as a fundamental component in smart healthcare systems for various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Wenqian Cui , Xiangling Fu , Shaohui Liu , Mingjun Gu , Xien Liu , Ji Wu , Irwin King

Medical coding translates professionally written medical reports into standardized codes, which is an essential part of medical information systems and health insurance reimbursement. Manual coding by trained human coders is time-consuming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Wei Sun , Shaoxiong Ji , Erik Cambria , Pekka Marttinen

Clinical coding is crucial for healthcare billing and data analysis. Manual clinical coding is labour-intensive and error-prone, which has motivated research towards full automation of the process. However, our analysis, based on US English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Yidong Gan , Maciej Rybinski , Ben Hachey , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system is the international standard for classifying diseases and procedures during a healthcare encounter and is widely used for healthcare reporting and management purposes. Assigning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-25 George Michalopoulos , Michal Malyska , Nicola Sahar , Alexander Wong , Helen Chen

Availability of diagnostic codes in Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is crucial for patient care as well as reimbursement purposes. However, entering them in the EHR is tedious, and some clinical codes may be overlooked. Given an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Tsvetan R. Yordanov , Ameen Abu-Hanna , Anita CJ Ravelli , Iacopo Vagliano

In the context of the Electronic Health Record, automated diagnosis coding of patient notes is a useful task, but a challenging one due to the large number of codes and the length of patient notes. We investigate four models for assigning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-22 Tal Baumel , Jumana Nassour-Kassis , Raphael Cohen , Michael Elhadad , No`emie Elhadad

We introduce a dataset for evidence/rationale extraction on an extreme multi-label classification task over long medical documents. One such task is Computer-Assisted Coding (CAC) which has improved significantly in recent years, thanks to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Hua Cheng , Rana Jafari , April Russell , Russell Klopfer , Edmond Lu , Benjamin Striner , Matthew R. Gormley

Automated international classification of diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple disease codes to clinical documents and plays a critical role in healthcare informatics. However, its performance is hindered by the extreme long-tail…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Tianlei Chen , Yuxiao Chen , Yang Li , Feifei Wang