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Healthcare providers usually record detailed notes of the clinical care delivered to each patient for clinical, research, and billing purposes. Due to the unstructured nature of these narratives, providers employ dedicated staff to assign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Chufan Gao , Mononito Goswami , Jieshi Chen , Artur Dubrawski

This paper achieves state of the art results for the ICD code prediction task using the MIMIC-III dataset. This was achieved through the use of Clinical BERT (Alsentzer et al., 2019). embeddings and text augmentation and label balancing to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Brent Biseda , Gaurav Desai , Haifeng Lin , Anish Philip

Objective. Natural language processing methods for medical auto-coding, or automatic generation of medical billing codes from electronic health records, generally assign each code independently of the others. They may thus assign codes for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-10-19 Michael Subotin , Anthony R. Davis

Abbreviation disambiguation is important for automated clinical note processing due to the frequent use of abbreviations in clinical settings. Current models for automated abbreviation disambiguation are restricted by the scarcity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-16 Marta Skreta , Aryan Arbabi , Jixuan Wang , Michael Brudno

Clinical coding maps clinical documentation to standardized medical codes, an essential yet time-consuming administrative task that could benefit from automation. Current models on ICD coding are typically optimized for codes from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jinghui Liu , Anthony Nguyen

Automatic medical coding has the potential to ease documentation and billing processes. For this task, transparency plays an important role for medical coders and regulatory bodies, which can be achieved using explainability methods.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Katharina Beckh , Elisa Studeny , Sujan Sai Gannamaneni , Dario Antweiler , Stefan Rüping

Automatic coding of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a multi-label text categorization task that involves extracting disease or procedure codes from clinical notes. Despite the application of state-of-the-art natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Chang Lu , Chandan K. Reddy , Ping Wang , Yue Ning

The standardization of clinical data elements (CDEs) aims to ensure consistent and comprehensive patient information across various healthcare systems. Existing methods often falter when standardizing CDEs of varying representation and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Komal Gilani , Marlo Verket , Christof Peters , Michel Dumontier , Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca , Visara Urovi

Clinical coding is a critical task in healthcare, although traditional methods for automating clinical coding may not provide sufficient explicit evidence for coders in production environments. This evidence is crucial, as medical coders…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Leonor Barreiros , Isabel Coutinho , Gonçalo M. Correia , Bruno Martins

Automatically associating ICD codes with electronic health data is a well-known NLP task in medical research. NLP has evolved significantly in recent years with the emergence of pre-trained language models based on Transformers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Yakini Tchouka , Jean-François Couchot , David Laiymani , Philippe Selles , Azzedine Rahmani

Clinical notes contain unstructured text provided by clinicians during patient encounters. These notes are usually accompanied by a sequence of diagnostic codes following the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Correctly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Mohammad Mansoori , Amira Soliman , Farzaneh Etminani

ICD coding from electronic clinical records is a manual, time-consuming and expensive process. Code assignment is, however, an important task for billing purposes and database organization. While many works have studied the problem of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Arthur D. Reys , Danilo Silva , Daniel Severo , Saulo Pedro , Marcia M. de Souza e Sá , Guilherme A. C. Salgado

Automated International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding assigns standardized diagnosis and procedure codes to clinical records, playing a critical role in healthcare systems. However, existing methods face challenges such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mucheng Ren , He Chen , Yuchen Yan , Danqing Hu , Jun Xu , Xian Zeng

A ubiquitous task in processing electronic medical data is the assignment of standardized codes representing diagnoses and/or procedures to free-text documents such as medical reports. This is a difficult natural language processing task…

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a set of classification codes for medical records. Automated ICD coding, which assigns unique International Classification of Diseases codes with each medical record, is widely used recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Shi Wang , Daniel Tang , Luchen Zhang , Huilin Li , Ding Han

Documentation errors increase healthcare costs and cause unnecessary patient deaths. As the standard language for diagnoses and billing, ICD codes serve as the foundation for medical documentation worldwide. Despite the prevalence of…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Albert Haque , Corinna Fukushima

Background and Objective: Code assignment is of paramount importance in many levels in modern hospitals, from ensuring accurate billing process to creating a valid record of patient care history. However, the coding process is tedious and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Jinmiao Huang , Cesar Osorio , Luke Wicent Sy

Automatically classifying electronic health records (EHRs) into diagnostic codes has been challenging to the NLP community. State-of-the-art methods treated this problem as a multilabel classification problem and proposed various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Chao-Wei Huang , Shang-Chi Tsai , Yun-Nung Chen

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is defined as a kind of text multi-label classification problem, which is difficult because the number of labels is very large and the distribution of labels is unbalanced. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Yifan Wu , Min Zeng , Ying Yu , Min Li

Automated medical coding is a process of codifying clinical notes to appropriate diagnosis and procedure codes automatically from the standard taxonomies such as ICD (International Classification of Diseases) and CPT (Current Procedure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Jeshuren Chelladurai , Sudarsun Santhiappan , Balaraman Ravindran