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The increasing penetration of non-synchronous renewable energy sources (NS-RES) alters the dynamic characteristic, and consequently, the frequency behaviour of a power system. To accurately identify these changing trends and address them in…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-08-03 Ahmad Shabir Ahmadyar , Shariq Riaz , Gregor Verbic , Archie Chapman , David J. Hill

Underfrequency load shedding (UFLS) is a critical control strategy in power systems aimed at maintaining system stability and preventing blackouts during severe frequency drops. Traditional UFLS schemes often rely on predefined rules and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-08 Glory Justin , Santiago Paternain

The increasing penetration of inverter-based renewable generation has significantly reduced system inertia, making modern power grids more vulnerable to rapid frequency deviations following disturbances. While a wide range of flexible…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-18 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

One of the fundamental concerns in the operation of modern power systems is the assessment of their frequency stability in case of inertia-reduction induced by the large share of power electronic interfaced resources. Within this context,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-03 Francesco Conte , Stefano Massucco , Mario Paolone , Giacomo-Piero Schiapparelli , Federico Silvestro , Yihui Zuo

The paper describes a distributed under-frequency load shedding and load restoration scheme, that exploits frequency and Rate-of-Change-of-Frequency (ROCOF) measurements produced by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) as detectors of a large…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-05-03 Asja Derviškadić , Yihui Zuo , Guglielmo Frigo , Mario Paolone

The reduced inertia levels in low-carbon power grids necessitate explicit constraints to limit frequency's nadir and rate of change during scheduling. This can result in significant curtailment of renewable energy due to the minimum…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-18 Cormac O'Malley , Luis Badesa , Fei Teng , Goran Strbac

In high-renewable power systems, active-power disturbances are becoming larger and exhibit increasingly diverse time scales, which complicates frequency stability assessment under unanticipated events. This paper presents a response-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Jinhui Chen , Huadong Sun , Ping Wu , Baocai Wang , Bing Zhao

Recently, frequency security is challenged by high uncertainty and low inertia in power system with high penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). In the context of Unit Commitment (UC) problems, frequency security constraints…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-22 Zhuoxuan Li , Zhongda Chu , Fei Teng

With increased wind power penetration in modern power systems, wind plants are required to provide frequency support similar to conventional plants. However, for the existing frequency regulation scheme of wind turbines, the control gains…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-22 Cheng Zhong , Yueming Lv , Huayi Li , JiKai Chen , Yang Li

As the proportion of renewable energy and power electronics in the power system increases, modeling frequency dynamics under power deficits becomes more challenging. Although data-driven methods help mitigate these challenges, they are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Qianni Cao , Chen Shen

TThe rapid expansion of inverter-based resources, such as wind and solar power plants, will significantly diminish the presence of conventional synchronous generators in fu-ture power grids with rich renewable energy sources. This…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Mingjian Tuo , Xingpeng Li , Pascal Van Hentenryck

Electric power grids regularly experience uncertain fluctuations from load demands and renewables, which poses a risk of violating operational limits designed to safeguard the system. In this paper, we consider the robust AC OPF problem…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-13 Dongchan Lee , Konstantin Turitsyn , Daniel K. Molzahn , Line A. Roald

Ensuring the frequency stability of electric grids with increasing renewable resources is a key problem in power system operations. In recent years, a number of advanced controllers have been designed to optimize frequency control. These…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-23 Wenqi Cui , Guanya Shi , Yuanyuan Shi , Baosen Zhang

The incorporation of stochastic loads and generation into the operation of power grids gives rise to an exposure to stochastic risk. This risk has been addressed in prior work through a variety of mechanisms, such as scenario generation or…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-11-06 Daniel Bienstock , Apurv Shukla

Low-order frequency response models for power systems have a decades-long history in optimization and control problems such as unit commitment, economic dispatch, and wide-area control. With a few exceptions, these models are built upon the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Marena Trujillo , Amir Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

With widespread deployment of renewables, the electric power grids are experiencing increasing dynamics and uncertainties, with its secure operation being threatened. Existing frequency control schemes based on day-ahead offline analysis…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-02 Yi Zhou , Liangcai Zhou , Di Shi , Xiaoying Zhao

This paper considers the phenomenon of distinct regional frequencies recently observed in some power systems. First, a reduced-order mathematical model describing this behaviour is developed. Then, techniques to solve the model are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-15 Luis Badesa , Fei Teng , Goran Strbac

The AC frequency in electrical power systems is conventionally regulated by synchronous machines. The gradual replacement of these machines by asynchronous renewable-based generation, which provides little or no frequency control, increases…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-13 Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

Load-generation balance and system inertia are essential for maintaining frequency in power systems. Power grids are equipped with Rate-of-Change-of Frequency (ROCOF) and Load Shedding (LS) relays in order to keep load-generation balance.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-25 Mohamadsaleh Jafari , Md Hassan Shahriar , Mohammad Ashiqur Rahman , Sumit Paudyal

Power systems are getting more complex than ever and are consequently operating close to their limit of stability. Moreover, with the increasing demand of renewable wind generation, and the requirement to maintain a secure power system, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-13 Umair Shahzad