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A 28nm dense 6T-SRAM Digital(D)/Analog(A) Hybrid compute-in-memory (CIM) macro supporting complex num-ber MAC operation is presented. By introducing a 2D-weighted Capacitor Array, a hybrid configuration is adopted where digital CIM is…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Shota Konno , Che-Kai Liu , Sigang Ryu , Samuel Spetalnick , Arijit Raychowdhury

Recently, large models, such as Vision Transformer and BERT, have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their extensive computational requirements lead to considerable power and hardware resource…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Zhengke Li , Wendong Mao , Siyu Zhang , Qiwei Dong , Zhongfeng Wang

In-memory computing (IMC) offloads parts of the computations to memory to fulfill the performance and energy demands of applications such as neuromorphic computing, machine learning, and image processing. Fortunately, the main features that…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Amir M. Hajisadeghi , Hamid R. Zarandi , Mahmoud Momtazpour

Neurons in the brain communicate information via punctual events called spikes. The timing of spikes is thought to carry rich information, but it is not clear how to leverage this in digital systems. We demonstrate that event-based encoding…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Martim Lisboa , Guillaume Bellec

Accelerating finite automata processing is critical for advancing real-time analytic in pattern matching, data mining, bioinformatics, intrusion detection, and machine learning. Recent in-memory automata accelerators leveraging SRAMs and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Yi Huang , Zhiyu Chen , Dai Li , Kaiyuan Yang

Voltage-gate assisted spin-orbit torque (VGSOT) writing scheme combines the advantages from voltage control of magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) and spin-orbit torque (SOT) effects, enabling multiple benefits for magnetic random access memory…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2021-06-11 Y. C. Wu , K. Garello , W. Kim , M. Gupta , M. Perumkunnil , V. Kateel , S. Couet , R. Carpenter , S. Rao , S. Van Beek , K. K. Vudya Sethu , F. Yasin , D. Crotti , G. S. Kar

The rapid growth of deep neural network (DNN) workloads has significantly increased the demand for large-capacity on-chip SRAM in machine learning (ML) applications, with SRAM arrays now occupying a substantial fraction of the total die…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Subhradip Chakraborty , Ankur Singh , Xuming Chen , Gourav Datta , Akhilesh R. Jaiswal

The attention mechanism is a key computing kernel of Transformers, calculating pairwise correlations across the entire input sequence. The computing complexity and frequent memory access in computing self-attention put a huge burden on the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Ashkan Moradifirouzabadi , Divya Sri Dodla , Mingu Kang

In this paper authors have presented a power efficient scheme for implementing a spike sorting module. Spike sorting is an important application in the field of neural signal acquisition for implantable biomedical systems whose function is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Anand Kumar Mukhopadhyay , Indrajit Chakrabarti , Arindam Basu , Mrigank Sharad

Current-driven switching of nonvolatile spintronic materials and devices based on spin-orbit torques offer fast data processing speed, low power consumption, and unlimited endurance for future information processing applications. Analogous…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-07-23 Nan Zhang , Yi Cao , Yucai Li , Andrew W. Rushforth , Yang Ji , Houzhi Zheng , Kaiyou Wang

Spiking neural networks excel at event-driven sensing. Yet, maintaining task-relevant context over long timescales both algorithmically and in hardware, while respecting both tight energy and memory budgets, remains a core challenge in the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Pengfei Sun , Zhe Su , Jascha Achterberg , Giacomo Indiveri , Dan F. M. Goodman , Danyal Akarca

Superconductor electronics (SCE) is a promising complementary and beyond CMOS technology. However, despite its practical benefits, the realization of SCE logic faces a significant challenge due to the absence of dense and scalable…

Superconductivity · Physics 2024-12-05 Mustafa Altay Karamuftuoglu , Beyza Zeynep Ucpinar , Sasan Razmkhah , Massoud Pedram

`In-memory computing' is being widely explored as a novel computing paradigm to mitigate the well known memory bottleneck. This emerging paradigm aims at embedding some aspects of computations inside the memory array, thereby avoiding…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Mustafa Ali , Akhilesh Jaiswal , Sangamesh Kodge , Amogh Agrawal , Indranil Chakraborty , Kaushik Roy

Energy-efficient simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is crucial for mobile robots exploring unknown environments. The mammalian brain solves SLAM via a network of specialized neurons, exhibiting asynchronous computations and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-09-20 Guangzhi Tang , Arpit Shah , Konstantinos P. Michmizos

This review explores the intersection of bio-plausible artificial intelligence in the form of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with the analog In-Memory Computing (IMC) domain, highlighting their collective potential for low-power edge…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Abhishek Moitra , Abhiroop Bhattacharjee , Yuhang Li , Youngeun Kim , Priyadarshini Panda

The growing demand for low-power and area-efficient TinyML inference on AIoT devices necessitates memory architectures that minimise data movement while sustaining high computational efficiency. This paper presents FERMI-ML, a Flexible and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Mukul Lokhande , Akash Sankhe , S. V. Jaya Chand , Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma

The rapid surge in data generated by Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) applications demands ultra-fast, scalable, and energy-efficient hardware, as traditional von Neumann architectures face…

Brain-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) have gained prominence in the field of neuromorphic computing owing to their low energy consumption during feedforward inference on neuromorphic hardware. However, it remains an open challenge…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Wenjie Wei , Malu Zhang , Jilin Zhang , Ammar Belatreche , Jibin Wu , Zijing Xu , Xuerui Qiu , Hong Chen , Yang Yang , Haizhou Li

Prior studies have shown that the retention time of the non-volatile spin-transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM) can be relaxed in order to reduce STT-RAM's write energy and latency. However, since different applications may require different…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Dhruv Gajaria , Kyle Kuan , Tosiron Adegbija

This paper presents a novel architecture utilizing a 10T SRAM cell for XNOR-based in-memory computing, aimed at mitigating the extensive routing challenges typically encountered in conventional in-memory computing systems. By integrating a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Narendra Singh Dhakad , Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma