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Conceptual Design of the Modular Detector and Readout System for the CMB-S4 survey experiment

We present the conceptual design of the modular detector and readout system for the Cosmic Microwave Background Stage 4 (CMB-S4) ground-based survey experiment. CMB-S4 will map the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the millimeter-wave…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-05 D. R. Barron , Z. Ahmed , J. Aguilar , A. J. Anderson , C. F. Baker , P. S. Barry , J. A. Beall , A. N. Bender , B. A. Benson , R. W. Besuner , T. W. Cecil , C. L. Chang , S. C. Chapman , G. E. Chesmore , G. Derylo , W. B. Doriese , S. M. Duff , T. Elleflot , J. P. Filippini , B. Flaugher , J. G. Gomez , P. K. Grimes , R. Gualtieri , I. Gullett , G. Haller , S. W. Henderson , D. Henke , R. Herbst , A. I. Huber , J. Hubmayr , M. Jonas , J. Joseph , C. L. King , J. M. Kovac , D. Kubik , M. Lisovenko , J. J. McMahon , L. Moncelsi , J. M. Nagy , B. Osherson , B. Reese , J. E. Ruhl , L. Sapozhnikov , A. Schillaci , S. M. Simon , A. Suzuki , G. Wang , B. Westbrook , V. Yefremenko , J. Zhang

End-to-End Modeling of the TDM Readout System for CMB-S4

The CMB-S4 experiment is developing next-generation ground-based microwave telescopes to observe the Cosmic Microwave Background with unprecedented sensitivity. This will require an order of magnitude increase in the 100 mK detector count,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-21 David C. Goldfinger , Zeeshan Ahmed , Darcy R. Barron , W. Bertrand Doriese , Malcolm Durkin , Jeffrey P. Filippini , Gunther Haller , Shawn W. Henderson , Ryan Herbst , Johannes Hubmayr , Kent Irwin , Ben Reese , Leonid Sapozhnikov , Keith L. Thompson , Joel Ullom , Michael R. Vissers

Design and Validation of a Cold Load for Characterization of CMB-S4 Detectors

We present the design and validation of a variable temperature cryogenic blackbody source, hereinafter called a cold load, that will be used to characterize detectors to be deployed by CMB-S4, the next-generation ground-based cosmic…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-01-07 Cesiley L. King , Ian Gullet , Adam J. Anderson , Bradford A. Benson , Rick Bihary , Haichen Fan , Johanna M. Nagy , Hogan Nguyen , John E. Ruhl , Sara M. Simon

CMB-S4 Technology Book, First Edition

CMB-S4 is a proposed experiment to map the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) to nearly the cosmic variance limit for angular scales that are accessible from the ground. The science goals and capabilities of CMB-S4 in…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2017-07-07 Maximilian H. Abitbol , Zeeshan Ahmed , Darcy Barron , Ritoban Basu Thakur , Amy N. Bender , Bradford A. Benson , Colin A. Bischoff , Sean A. Bryan , John E. Carlstrom , Clarence L. Chang , David T. Chuss , Kevin T. Crowley , Ari Cukierman , Tijmen de Haan , Matt Dobbs , Tom Essinger-Hileman , Jeffrey P. Filippini , Ken Ganga , Jon E. Gudmundsson , Nils W. Halverson , Shaul Hanany , Shawn W. Henderson , Charles A. Hill , Shuay-Pwu P. Ho , Johannes Hubmayr , Kent Irwin , Oliver Jeong , Bradley R. Johnson , Sarah A. Kernasovskiy , John M. Kovac , Akito Kusaka , Adrian T. Lee , Salatino Maria , Philip Mauskopf , Jeff J. McMahon , Lorenzo Moncelsi , Andrew W. Nadolski , Johanna M. Nagy , Michael D. Niemack , Roger C. O'Brient , Stephen Padin , Stephen C. Parshley , Clement Pryke , Natalie A. Roe , Karwan Rostem , John Ruhl , Sara M. Simon , Suzanne T. Staggs , Aritoki Suzuki , Eric R. Switzer , Osamu Tajima , Keith L. Thompson , Peter Timbie , Gregory S. Tucker , Joaquin D. Vieira , Abigail G. Vieregg , Benjamin Westbrook , Edward J. Wollack , Ki Won Yoon , Karl S. Young , Edward Y. Young

Optimization Study for the Experimental Configuration of CMB-S4

The CMB Stage 4 (CMB-S4) experiment is a next-generation, ground-based experiment that will measure the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization to unprecedented accuracy, probing the signature of inflation, the nature of cosmic…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-02-21 Darcy Barron , Yuji Chinone , Akito Kusaka , Julian Borril , Josquin Errard , Stephen Feeney , Simone Ferraro , Reijo Keskitalo , Adrian T. Lee , Natalie A. Roe , Blake D. Sherwin , Aritoki Suzuki

Recent Advances in Frequency-Multiplexed TES Readout: Vastly Reduced Parasitics and an Increase in Multiplexing Factor with sub-Kelvin SQUIDs

Cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements are fundamentally limited by photon statistics. Therefore, ground-based CMB observatories have been increasing the number of detectors that are simultaneously observing the sky. Thanks to the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-03-18 T. de Haan , A. Suzuki , S. T. P. Boyd , R. H. Cantor , A. Coerver , M. A. Dobbs , R. Hennings-Yeomans , W. L. Holzapfel , A. T. Lee , G. I. Noble , G. Smecher , J. Zhou

The Simons Observatory microwave SQUID multiplexing detector module design

Advances in cosmic microwave background (CMB) science depend on increasing the number of sensitive detectors observing the sky. New instruments deploy large arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers tiled densely…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-03 Heather McCarrick , Erin Healy , Zeeshan Ahmed , Kam Arnold , Zachary Atkins , Jason E. Austermann , Tanay Bhandarkar , Jim A. Beall , Sarah Marie Bruno , Steve K. Choi , Jake Connors , Nicholas F. Cothard , Kevin D. Crowley , Simon Dicker , Bradley Dober , Cody J. Duell , Shannon M. Duff , Daniel Dutcher , Josef C. Frisch , Nicholas Galitzki , Megan B. Gralla , Jon E. Gudmundsson , Shawn W. Henderson , Gene C. Hilton , Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho , Zachary B. Huber , Johannes Hubmayr , Jeffrey Iuliano , Bradley R. Johnson , Anna M. Kofman , Akito Kusaka , Jack Lashner , Adrian T. Lee , Yaqiong Li , Michael J. Link , Tammy J. Lucas , Marius Lungu , J. A. B. Mates , Jeffrey J. McMahon , Michael D. Niemack , John Orlowski-Scherer , Joseph Seibert , Maximiliano Silva-Feaver , Sara M. Simon , Suzanne Staggs , Aritoki Suzuki , Tomoki Terasaki , Joel N. Ullom , Eve M. Vavagiakis , Leila R. Vale , Jeff Van Lanen , Michael R. Vissers , Yuhan Wang , Edward J. Wollack , Zhilei Xu , Edward Young , Cyndia Yu , Kaiwen Zheng , Ningfeng Zhu

Highly-multiplexed microwave SQUID readout using the SLAC Microresonator Radio Frequency (SMuRF) Electronics for Future CMB and Sub-millimeter Surveys

The next generation of cryogenic CMB and submillimeter cameras under development require densely instrumented sensor arrays to meet their science goals. The readout of large numbers ($\sim$10,000--100,000 per camera) of sub-Kelvin sensors,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-09-12 Shawn W. Henderson , Zeeshan Ahmed , Jason Austermann , Daniel Becker , Douglas A. Bennett , David Brown , Saptarshi Chaudhuri , Hsiao-Mei Sherry Cho , John M. D'Ewart , Bradley Dober , Shannon M. Duff , John E. Dusatko , Sofia Fatigoni , Josef C. Frisch , Jonathon D. Gard , Mark Halpern , Gene C. Hilton , Johannes Hubmayr , Kent D. Irwin , Ethan D. Karpel , Sarah S. Kernasovskiy , Stephen E. Kuenstner , Chao-Lin Kuo , Dale Li , John A. B. Mates , Carl D. Reintsema , Stephen R. Smith , Joel Ullom , Leila R. Vale , Daniel D. Van Winkle , Michael Vissers , Cyndia Yu

Development of readout electronics for POLARBEAR-2 Cosmic Microwave Background experiment

The readout of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers with a large multiplexing factor is key for the next generation Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiment, Polarbear-2, having 7,588 TES bolometers. To enable the large arrays, we…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-02-17 K. Hattori , Y. Akiba , K. Arnold , D. Barron , A. N. Bender , A. Cukierman , T. de Haan , M. Dobbs , T. Elleflot , M. Hasegawa , M. Hazumi , W. Holzapfel , Y. Hori , B. Keating , A. Kusaka , A. Lee , J. Montgomery , K. Rotermund , I. Shirley , A. Suzuki , N. Whitehorn

CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves

CMB-S4---the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment---is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Universe, from the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-12 S4 Collaboration , Kevork Abazajian , Graeme E. Addison , Peter Adshead , Zeeshan Ahmed , Daniel Akerib , Aamir Ali , Steven W. Allen , David Alonso , Marcelo Alvarez , Mustafa A. Amin , Adam Anderson , Kam S. Arnold , Peter Ashton , Carlo Baccigalupi , Debbie Bard , Denis Barkats , Darcy Barron , Peter S. Barry , James G. Bartlett , Ritoban Basu Thakur , Nicholas Battaglia , Rachel Bean , Chris Bebek , Amy N. Bender , Bradford A. Benson , Federico Bianchini , Colin A. Bischoff , Lindsey Bleem , James J. Bock , Sebastian Bocquet , Kimberly K. Boddy , J. Richard Bond , Julian Borrill , François R. Bouchet , Thejs Brinckmann , Michael L. Brown , Sean Bryan , Victor Buza , Karen Byrum , Carlos Hervias Caimapo , Erminia Calabrese , Victoria Calafut , Robert Caldwell , John E. Carlstrom , Julien Carron , Thomas Cecil , Anthony Challinor , Clarence L. Chang , Yuji Chinone , Hsiao-Mei Sherry Cho , Asantha Cooray , Will Coulton , Thomas M. Crawford , Abigail Crites , Ari Cukierman , Francis-Yan Cyr-Racine , Tijmen de Haan , Jacques Delabrouille , Mark Devlin , Eleonora Di Valentino , Marion Dierickx , Matt Dobbs , Shannon Duff , Jo Dunkley , Cora Dvorkin , Joseph Eimer , Tucker Elleflot , Josquin Errard , Thomas Essinger-Hileman , Giulio Fabbian , Chang Feng , Simone Ferraro , Jeffrey P. Filippini , Raphael Flauger , Brenna Flaugher , Aurelien A. Fraisse , Andrei Frolov , Nicholas Galitzki , Patricio A. Gallardo , Silvia Galli , Ken Ganga , Martina Gerbino , Vera Gluscevic , Neil Goeckner-Wald , Daniel Green , Daniel Grin , Evan Grohs , Riccardo Gualtieri , Jon E. Gudmundsson , Ian Gullett , Nikhel Gupta , Salman Habib , Mark Halpern , Nils W. Halverson , Shaul Hanany , Kathleen Harrington , Masaya Hasegawa , Matthew Hasselfield , Masashi Hazumi , Katrin Heitmann , Shawn Henderson , Brandon Hensley , Charles Hill , J. Colin Hill , Renée Hlozek , Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho , Thuong Hoang , Gil Holder , William Holzapfel , John Hood , Johannes Hubmayr , Kevin M. Huffenberger , Howard Hui , Kent Irwin , Oliver Jeong , Bradley R. Johnson , William C. Jones , Jae Hwan Kang , Kirit S. Karkare , Nobuhiko Katayama , Reijo Keskitalo , Theodore Kisner , Lloyd Knox , Brian J. Koopman , Arthur Kosowsky , John Kovac , Ely D. Kovetz , Steve Kuhlmann , Chao-lin Kuo , Akito Kusaka , Anne Lähteenmäki , Charles R. Lawrence , Adrian T. Lee , Antony Lewis , Dale Li , Eric Linder , Marilena Loverde , Amy Lowitz , Phil Lubin , Mathew S. Madhavacheril , Adam Mantz , Gabriela Marques , Frederick Matsuda , Philip Mauskopf , Heather McCarrick , Jeffrey McMahon , P. Daniel Meerburg , Jean-Baptiste Melin , Felipe Menanteau , Joel Meyers , Marius Millea , Joseph Mohr , Lorenzo Moncelsi , Maria Monzani , Tony Mroczkowski , Suvodip Mukherjee , Johanna Nagy , Toshiya Namikawa , Federico Nati , Tyler Natoli , Laura Newburgh , Michael D. Niemack , Haruki Nishino , Brian Nord , Valentine Novosad , Roger O'Brient , Stephen Padin , Steven Palladino , Bruce Partridge , Don Petravick , Elena Pierpaoli , Levon Pogosian , Karthik Prabhu , Clement Pryke , Giuseppe Puglisi , Benjamin Racine , Alexandra Rahlin , Mayuri Sathyanarayana Rao , Marco Raveri , Christian L. Reichardt , Mathieu Remazeilles , Graca Rocha , Natalie A. Roe , Anirban Roy , John E. Ruhl , Maria Salatino , Benjamin Saliwanchik , Emmanuel Schaan , Alessandro Schillaci , Benjamin Schmitt , Marcel M. Schmittfull , Douglas Scott , Neelima Sehgal , Sarah Shandera , Blake D. Sherwin , Erik Shirokoff , Sara M. Simon , Anze Slosar , David Spergel , Tyler St. Germaine , Suzanne T. Staggs , Antony Stark , Glenn D. Starkman , Radek Stompor , Chris Stoughton , Aritoki Suzuki , Osamu Tajima , Grant P. Teply , Keith Thompson , Ben Thorne , Peter Timbie , Maurizio Tomasi , Matthieu Tristram , Gregory Tucker , Caterina Umiltà , Alexander van Engelen , Eve M. Vavagiakis , Joaquin D. Vieira , Abigail G. Vieregg , Kasey Wagoner , Benjamin Wallisch , Gensheng Wang , Scott Watson , Ben Westbrook , Nathan Whitehorn , Edward J. Wollack , W. L. Kimmy Wu , Zhilei Xu , H. Y. Eric Yang , Siavash Yasini , Volodymyr G. Yefremenko , Ki Won Yoon , Edward Young , Cyndia Yu , Andrea Zonca

Performance of a 4 Kelvin pulse-tube cooled cryostat with dc SQUID amplifiers for bolometric detector testing

The latest generation of cosmic microwave background (CMB) telescopes is searching for the undetected faint signature of gravitational waves from inflation in the polarized signal of the CMB. To achieve the unprecedented levels of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2013-01-08 Darcy Barron , Matt Atlas , Brian Keating , Ron Quillin , Nathan Stebor , Brandon Wilson

The Precursor Small Aperture Telescope (PreSAT) CMB polarimeter

The search for the polarized imprint of primordial gravitational waves in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) as direct evidence of cosmic inflation requires exquisite sensitivity and control over systematics. The next-generation CMB-S4…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-30 Matthew A. Petroff , Zeeshan Ahmed , James J. Bock , Marion Dierickx , Sofia Fatigoni , David C. Goldfinger , Paul K. Grimes , Shawn W. Henderson , Kirit S. Karkare , John M. Kovac , Hien T. Nguyen , Scott N. Paine , Anna R. Polish , Clement Pryke , Thibault Romand , Benjamin L. Schmitt , Abigail G. Vieregg

Adaptation of frequency-domain readout for Transition Edge Sensor bolometers for the POLARBEAR-2 Cosmic Microwave Background experiment

The POLARBEAR-2 CosmicMicrowave Background (CMB) experiment aims to observe B-mode polarization with high sensitivity to explore gravitational lensing of CMB and inflationary gravitational waves. POLARBEAR-2 is an upgraded experiment based…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 Kaori Hattori , Kam Arnold , Darcy Barron , Matt Dobbs , Tijmen de Haan , Nicholas Harrington , Masaya Hasegawa , Masashi Hazumi , William L. Holzapfel , Brian Keating , Adrian T. Lee , Hideki Morii , Michael J. Myers , Graeme Smecher , Aritoki Suzuki , Takayuki Tomaru

Simons Observatory Microwave SQUID Multiplexing Readout -- Cryogenic RF Amplifier and Coaxial Chain Design

The Simons Observatory (SO) is an upcoming polarization-sensitive Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiment on the Cerro Toco Plateau (Chile) with large overlap with other optical and infrared surveys (e.g., DESI, LSST, HSC). To enable…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-03-23 Mayuri Sathyanarayana Rao , Maximiliano Silva-Feaver , Aamir Ali , Kam Arnold , Peter Ashton , Bradley J. Dober , Cody J. Duell , Shannon M. Duff , Nicholas Galitzki , Erin Healy , Shawn Henderson , Shuay-Pwu Patty Ho , Jonathan Hoh , Anna M. Kofman , Akito Kusaka , Adrian T. Lee , Aashrita Mangu , Justin Mathewson , Philip Mauskopf , Heather McCarrick , Jenna Moore , Michael D. Niemack , Christopher Raum , Maria Salatino , Trevor Sasse , Joseph Seibert , Sara M. Simon , Suzanne Staggs , Jason R. Stevens , Grant Teply , Robert Thornton , Joel Ullom , Eve M. Vavagiakis , Benjamin Westbrook , Zhilei Xu , Ningfeng Zhu

Development of a microwave SQUID multiplexer for magnetic microbolometers

The search for primordial B-modes in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) requires highly sensitive and scalable detector systems. The magnetic microbolometer (MMB) is an emerging detector concept that exploits the magnetic properties of…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-09-30 N. Müller , J. Bonilla-Neira , J. Geria , M. García Redondo , L. Ferreyro , M. Hampel , M. Wegner , A. Almela , S. Kempf

Mutual Inductance Sensing SQUID: Cryogenic microcalorimeter based on mutual inductance readout of superconducting temperature sensors

Superconducting microcalorimeters, such as superconducting transition-edge sensors and magnetic microcalorimeters, have emerged as state-of-the-art detectors for X-ray emission spectroscopy by combining near-unity quantum efficiency with…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-04-29 Jodok Zeuner , Constantin Schuster , Sebastian Kempf

Frequency Multiplexed SQUID Readout of Large Bolometer Arrays for Cosmic Microwave Background Measurements

A technological milestone for experiments employing Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers operating at sub-kelvin temperature is the deployment of detector arrays with 100s--1000s of bolometers. One key technology for such arrays is…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-03 M. A. Dobbs , M. Lueker , K. A. Aird , A. N. Bender , B. A. Benson , L. E. Bleem , J. E. Carlstrom , C. L. Chang , H. -M. Cho , J. Clarke , T. M. Crawford , A. T. Crites , D. I. Flanigan , T. de Haan , E. M. George , N. W. Halverson , W. L. Holzapfel , J. D. Hrubes , B. R. Johnson , J. Joseph , R. Keisler , J. Kennedy , Z. Kermish , T. M. Lanting , A. T. Lee , E. M. Leitch , D. Luong-Van , J. J. McMahon , J. Mehl , S. S. Meyer , T. E. Montroy , S. Padin , T. Plagge , C. Pryke , P. L. Richards , J. E. Ruhl , K. K. Schaffer , D. Schwan , E. Shirokoff , H. G. Spieler , Z. Staniszewski , A. A. Stark , K. Vanderlinde , J. D. Vieira , C. Vu , B. Westbrook , R. Williamson

Commercialization of micro-fabrication of antenna-coupled Transition Edge Sensor bolometer detectors for studies of the Cosmic Microwave Background

We report on the development of commercially fabricated multi-chroic antenna coupled Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometer arrays for Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarimetry experiments. CMB polarimetry experiments have deployed…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-05-09 Aritoki Suzuki , Chris Bebek , Maurice Garcia-Sciveres , Stephen Holland , Akito Kusaka , Adrian T. Lee , Nicholas Palaio , Natalie Roe , Leo Steinmetz

High-bandwidth frequency domain multiplexed readout of transition-edge sensors for neutrinoless double beta decay searches

The next-generation of cryogenic neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments require increasingly fast readout in order to improve background discrimination. These experiments, operated as cryogenic calorimeters at $\sim$10 mK, are usually…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-02-02 M. Adamič , M. Beretta , J. Camilleri , C. Capelli , M. A. Dobbs , T. Elleflot , B. K. Fujikawa , Yu. G. Kolomensky , D. Mayer , J. Montgomery , V. Novosad , A. M. Sindhwad , V. Singh , G. Smecher , A. Suzuki , B. Welliver

Developing AlMn films for Argonne TES fabrication

The reference design for the next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment, CMB-S4, relies on large arrays of transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers coupled to Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)-based…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-08 E. M. Vavagiakis , N. F. Cothard , J. R. Stevens , C. L. Chang , M. D. Niemack , G. Wang , V. G. Yefremenko , J. Zhang