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Temporal Reasoning (TR) is a critical ability for LLMs to understand and reason over temporal information and relationships between events. To study the TR ability in LLMs, prior works provide different ways for evaluating various aspects…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Weizhi Tang , Kwabena Nuamah , Vaishak Belle

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive zero-shot performance on inference tasks. However, LLMs may suffer from spurious correlations between input texts and output labels, which limits LLMs' ability to reason based purely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Yingjie Li , Yun Luo , Xiaotian Xie , Yue Zhang

The rapid progress in machine learning (ML) has brought forth many large language models (LLMs) that excel in various tasks and areas. These LLMs come with different abilities and costs in terms of computation or pricing. Since the demand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Quang H. Nguyen , Thinh Dao , Duy C. Hoang , Juliette Decugis , Saurav Manchanda , Nitesh V. Chawla , Khoa D. Doan

In order to oversee advanced AI systems, it is important to understand their underlying decision-making process. When prompted, large language models (LLMs) can provide natural language explanations or reasoning traces that sound plausible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Noah Y. Siegel , Oana-Maria Camburu , Nicolas Heess , Maria Perez-Ortiz

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities when provided with chain-of-thought exemplars, but curating large reasoning datasets remains laborious and resource-intensive. In this work, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Sondos Mahmoud Bsharat , Zhiqiang Shen

Propositional Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is a popular formalism for specifying desirable requirements and security and privacy policies for software, networks, and systems. Yet expressing such requirements and policies in LTL remains…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Priscilla Kyei Danso , Mohammad Saqib Hasan , Niranjan Balasubramanian , Omar Chowdhury

This paper introduces a simple and scalable approach to improve the data efficiency of large language model (LLM) training by augmenting existing text data with thinking trajectories. The compute for pre-training LLMs has been growing at an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Shaohan Huang , Li Dong , Furu Wei

Despite substantial advances in scaling test-time compute, an ongoing debate in the community is how it should be scaled up to enable continued and efficient improvements with scaling. There are largely two approaches: first, distilling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Amrith Setlur , Nived Rajaraman , Sergey Levine , Aviral Kumar

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is an expressive formal language for specifying spatio-temporal requirements over real-valued, real-time signals. It has been widely used for the verification and synthesis of autonomous systems and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Bowen Ye , Zhijian Li , Junyue Huang , Junkai Ma , Xiang Yin

Recent breakthroughs in large language models (LLMs) have led to notable successes in complex reasoning tasks, such as mathematical problem solving. A common strategy for improving performance is parallel thinking, in which multiple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhan Zhuang , Xiequn Wang , Zebin Chen , Feiyang Ye , Ying Wei , Kede Ma , Yu Zhang

Legal invoice review is a costly, inconsistent, and time-consuming process, traditionally performed by Legal Operations, Lawyers or Billing Specialists who scrutinise billing compliance line by line. This study presents the first empirical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Nick Whitehouse , Nicole Lincoln , Stephanie Yiu , Lizzie Catterson , Rivindu Perera

Recently, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have received much attention for their impressive capabilities. The evaluation of MLLMs is becoming critical to analyzing attributes of MLLMs and providing valuable insights. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Yuxuan Xie , Tianhua Li , Wenqi Shao , Kaipeng Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are susceptible to jailbreak attacks where malicious prompts are disguised using ciphers and character-level encodings to bypass safety guardrails. While these guardrails often fail to interpret the encoded…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Shaked Zychlinski , Yuval Kainan

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities, they are not without their flaws and inaccuracies. Recent studies have introduced various methods to mitigate these limitations. Temporal reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Siheng Xiong , Ali Payani , Ramana Kompella , Faramarz Fekri

The newly released OpenAI-o1 and DeepSeek-R1 have demonstrated that test-time scaling can significantly improve model performance, especially in complex tasks such as logical reasoning. Common test-time scaling methods involve generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Zhendong Tan , Xingjun Zhang , Chaoyi Hu , Yancheng Pan , Shaoxun Wang

Topic modeling has been a widely used tool for unsupervised text analysis. However, comprehensive evaluations of a topic model remain challenging. Existing evaluation methods are either less comparable across different models (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Xiaohao Yang , He Zhao , Dinh Phung , Wray Buntine , Lan Du

Large-language-model (LLM)-based text-to-speech (TTS) systems can generate natural speech, but most are not designed for low-latency dual-streaming synthesis. High-quality dual-streaming TTS depends on accurate text--speech alignment and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-24 Hanwen Liu , Saierdaer Yusuyin , Hao Huang , Zhijian Ou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly evaluated on multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) tasks using *first-token probability* (FTP), which selects the answer option whose initial token has the highest likelihood. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Silvia Cappelletti , Tobia Poppi , Samuele Poppi , Zheng-Xin Yong , Diego Garcia-Olano , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

One core capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) is to follow natural language instructions. However, the evaluation of such abilities is not standardized: Human evaluations are expensive, slow, and not objectively reproducible, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Jeffrey Zhou , Tianjian Lu , Swaroop Mishra , Siddhartha Brahma , Sujoy Basu , Yi Luan , Denny Zhou , Le Hou

With the emergence of neural audio codecs, which encode multiple streams of discrete tokens from audio, large language models have recently gained attention as a promising approach for zero-shot Text-to-Speech (TTS) synthesis. Despite the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-04 Jaehyeon Kim , Keon Lee , Seungjun Chung , Jaewoong Cho