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In this work we describe a novel deep reinforcement learning architecture that allows multiple actions to be selected at every time-step in an efficient manner. Multi-action policies allow complex behaviours to be learnt that would…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Jack Harmer , Linus Gisslén , Jorge del Val , Henrik Holst , Joakim Bergdahl , Tom Olsson , Kristoffer Sjöö , Magnus Nordin

Language agents based on large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great promise in automating web-based tasks. Recent work has shown that incorporating advanced planning algorithms, e.g., tree search, is advantageous over reactive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Yu Gu , Kai Zhang , Yuting Ning , Boyuan Zheng , Boyu Gou , Tianci Xue , Cheng Chang , Sanjari Srivastava , Yanan Xie , Peng Qi , Huan Sun , Yu Su

Large language models contain noisy general knowledge of the world, yet are hard to train or fine-tune. On the other hand cognitive architectures have excellent interpretability and are flexible to update but require a lot of manual work to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Feiyu Zhu , Reid Simmons

The emergence of agentic recommender systems powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) represents a paradigm shift in personalized recommendations, leveraging LLMs' advanced reasoning and role-playing capabilities to enable autonomous,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yu Shang , Peijie Liu , Yuwei Yan , Zijing Wu , Leheng Sheng , Yuanqing Yu , Chumeng Jiang , An Zhang , Fengli Xu , Yu Wang , Min Zhang , Yong Li

Large Language Model (LLM) agents can leverage tools such as Google Search to complete complex tasks. However, this tool usage introduces the risk of indirect prompt injections, where malicious instructions hidden in tool outputs can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zizhao Wang , Dingcheng Li , Vaishakh Keshava , Phillip Wallis , Ananth Balashankar , Peter Stone , Lukas Rutishauser

Text-based games are a natural challenge domain for deep reinforcement learning algorithms. Their state and action spaces are combinatorially large, their reward function is sparse, and they are partially observable: the agent is informed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Vishal Jain , William Fedus , Hugo Larochelle , Doina Precup , Marc G. Bellemare

Designing multi-agent workflows is especially difficult in open-ended scientific settings where tasks lack curated training sets, reliable scalar evaluation metrics, and standardized interfaces between existing tools and agents. We propose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Shuaike Shen , Wenduo Cheng , Shike Wang , Mingqian Ma , Jian Ma

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have catalyzed the rise of autonomous AI agents capable of perceiving, reasoning, and acting in dynamic, open-ended environments. These large-model agents mark a paradigm shift from static…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Hang Su , Jun Luo , Chang Liu , Xiao Yang , Yichi Zhang , Yinpeng Dong , Jun Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) based autonomous agents demonstrate multifaceted capabilities to contribute substantially to economic production. However, existing benchmarks remain focused on single agentic capability, failing to capture…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Keyu Li , Junhao Shi , Yang Xiao , Mohan Jiang , Jie Sun , Yunze Wu , Dayuan Fu , Shijie Xia , Xiaojie Cai , Tianze Xu , Weiye Si , Wenjie Li , Dequan Wang , Pengfei Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly powerful and capable of handling complex tasks, e.g., building single agents and multi-agent systems. Compared to single agents, multi-agent systems have higher requirements for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Wei Wang , Dan Zhang , Tao Feng , Boyan Wang , Jie Tang

The development of autonomous web agents, powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) and reinforcement learning (RL), represents a significant step towards general-purpose AI assistants. However, training these agents is severely hampered by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hang Ding , Peidong Liu , Junqiao Wang , Ziwei Ji , Meng Cao , Rongzhao Zhang , Lynn Ai , Eric Yang , Tianyu Shi , Lei Yu

As LLM-based agents increasingly rely on external tools, it is important to evaluate their ability to sustain tool-grounded reasoning beyond familiar workflows and short-range interactions. We introduce AgentEscapeBench, an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Zhengkang Guo , Yiyang Li , Lin Qiu , Xiaohua Wang , Jingwen Xv , Dongyu Ru , Xiaoyu Li , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuezhi Cao , Xunliang Cai

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly proposed to automate offensive security tasks, with recent studies reporting near human-level success rates in Capture-the-Flag (CTF) challenges. We here revisit these results, providing a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Youness Bouchari , Matteo Boffa , Marco Mellia , Idilio Drago , Thanh Minh Bui , Dario Rossi

A significant challenge for autonomous cyber defence is ensuring a defensive agent's ability to generalise across diverse network topologies and configurations. This capability is necessary for agents to remain effective when deployed in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Isaac Symes Thompson , Alberto Caron , Chris Hicks , Vasilios Mavroudis

AI agents, empowered by Large Language Models (LLMs) and communication protocols such as MCP and A2A, have rapidly evolved from simple chatbots to autonomous entities capable of executing complex, multi-step tasks, demonstrating great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Erhu Feng , Wenbo Zhou , Zibin Liu , Le Chen , Yunpeng Dong , Cheng Zhang , Yisheng Zhao , Dong Du , Zhichao Hua , Yubin Xia , Haibo Chen

The complexity of computer games is ever increasing. In this setup, guiding an automated test algorithm to find a solution to solve a testing task in a game's huge interaction space is very challenging. Having a model of a system to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Samira Shirzadehhajimahmood , I. S. W. B. Prasetya , Frank Dignum , Mehdi Dastani

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as educational agents for automatic short answer grading (ASAG) in real-world educational environments, significantly boosting assessment efficiency and scalability. However, when these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Xueyi Li , Zhuoneng Zhou , Zitao Liu , Yongdong Wu

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has inspired the development of LLM-based agents capable of addressing complex, real-world tasks. However, these agents often struggle during task execution due to methodological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Yaoxiang Wang , Zhiyong Wu , Junfeng Yao , Jinsong Su

Despite the potential of language model-based agents to solve real-world tasks such as web navigation, current methods still struggle with long-horizon tasks with complex action trajectories. In contrast, humans can flexibly solve complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Zora Zhiruo Wang , Jiayuan Mao , Daniel Fried , Graham Neubig

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) as agentic orchestrators has revolutionized task automation, but the need for privacy-preserving, cost-effective solutions demands on-device inference capabilities. However, local LLMs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Rohan Kadekodi , Zhan Jin , Keisuke Kamahori , Yile Gu , Sean Khatiri , Noah H. Bayindirli , Sergey Gorbunov , Baris Kasikci