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As AI technology advances, research in playing text-based games with agents has becomeprogressively popular. In this paper, a novel approach to agent design and agent learning ispresented with the context of reinforcement learning. A model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Haonan Wang , Mingjia Zhao , Junfeng Sun , Wei Liu

Large language models are increasingly deployed as *deep agents* that plan, maintain persistent state, and invoke external tools, shifting safety failures from unsafe text to unsafe *trajectories*. We introduce **AgentFence**, an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Sai Puppala , Ismail Hossain , Md Jahangir Alam , Yoonpyo Lee , Jay Yoo , Tanzim Ahad , Syed Bahauddin Alam , Sajedul Talukder

Fast and effective incident response is essential to prevent adversarial cyberattacks. Autonomous Cyber Defense (ACD) aims to automate incident response through Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents that plan and execute actions. Most ACD…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Sebastián R. Castro , Roberto Campbell , Nancy Lau , Octavio Villalobos , Jiaqi Duan , Alvaro A. Cardenas

Question-and-answer agents like ChatGPT offer a novel tool for use as a potential honeypot interface in cyber security. By imitating Linux, Mac, and Windows terminal commands and providing an interface for TeamViewer, nmap, and ping, it is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Forrest McKee , David Noever

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents improve through trial-and-error, but when reward is sparse and the agent cannot discover successful action sequences, learning stagnates. This has been a notable problem in training deep RL agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Evan Zheran Liu , Kelvin Guu , Panupong Pasupat , Tianlin Shi , Percy Liang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in code generation, yet they struggle with the multi-step, stateful reasoning required for offensive cybersecurity operations. Existing research often relies on static benchmarks that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 James Hugglestone , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Dawson Stoller , Ryan Schmidt , Xiuwen Liu

Most LLM-based agent frameworks adopt a top-down philosophy: humans decompose tasks, define workflows, and assign agents to execute each step. While effective on benchmark-style tasks, such systems rely on designer updates and overlook…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jiawei Du , Jinlong Wu , Yuzheng Chen , Yucheng Hu , Bing Li , Joey Tianyi Zhou

For undergraduate students of computing, learning to solve complex practical problems in a team is an essential skill for their future careers. This skill is needed in various fields, such as in cybersecurity and IT governance. Tabletop…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Valdemar Švábenský , Jan Vykopal , Martin Horák , Martin Hofbauer , Pavel Čeleda

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown great potential for autonomous decision-making in the cybersecurity domain, enabling agents to learn through direct environment interaction. However, RL agents in Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Konur Tholl , François Rivest , Mariam El Mezouar , Adrian Taylor , Ranwa Al Mallah

With the rapid development of LLM-based agents, there is a growing trend to incorporate agent-specific data into the pre-training stage of LLMs, aiming to better align LLMs with real-world autonomous task execution. However, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jiarui Qin , Yunjia Xi , Junjie Huang , Renting Rui , Di Yin , Weiwen Liu , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang , Xing Sun

Game environments provide rich, controllable settings that stimulate many aspects of real-world complexity. As such, game agents offer a valuable testbed for exploring capabilities relevant to Artificial General Intelligence. Recently, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Sihao Hu , Tiansheng Huang , Gaowen Liu , Ramana Rao Kompella , Fatih Ilhan , Selim Furkan Tekin , Yichang Xu , Zachary Yahn , Ling Liu

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) is catalyzing a shift towards autonomous AI Agents capable of executing complex, multi-step tasks. However, these agents remain brittle when faced with real-world exceptions, making…

Browser agents are increasingly deployed in long-horizon tasks, which require executing extended action chains to accomplish user goals. However, this prolonged execution process provides attackers with more opportunities to inject…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhichao Liu , Wenbo Pan , Haining Yu , Ge Gao , Tianqing Zhu , Xiaohua Jia

With the rapid advancement of post-training techniques for reasoning and information seeking, large language models (LLMs) can incorporate a large quantity of retrieved knowledge to solve complex tasks. However, the limited context window…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zijun Liu , Zhennan Wan , Peng Li , Ming Yan , Fei Huang , Yang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) based agents excel at diverse tasks, yet they suffer from brittle procedural memory that is manually engineered or entangled in static parameters. In this work, we investigate strategies to endow agents with a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Runnan Fang , Yuan Liang , Xiaobin Wang , Jialong Wu , Shuofei Qiao , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

Large Language Model (LLM) Agents, often trained with Reinforcement Learning (RL), are constrained by a dependency on human-curated data, limiting scalability and tethering AI to human knowledge. Existing self-evolution frameworks offer an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Peng Xia , Kaide Zeng , Jiaqi Liu , Can Qin , Fang Wu , Yiyang Zhou , Caiming Xiong , Huaxiu Yao

Large language models are increasingly being used to support network operations (NetOps) and artificial intelligence for IT operations (AIOps), including incident investigation, root-cause analysis, configuration synthesis, and limited…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Muhammad Bilal , Jon Crowcroft , Ruizhi Wang , Xiaolong Xu , Schahram Dustdar

Integrating LLM and reinforcement learning (RL) agent effectively to achieve complementary performance is critical in high stake tasks like cybersecurity operations. In this study, we introduce SecurityBot, a LLM agent mentored by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Yikuan Yan , Yaolun Zhang , Keman Huang

AI agent frameworks operate in isolation, forcing agents to rediscover solutions and repeat mistakes across different systems. Despite valuable problem-solving experiences accumulated by frameworks like smolagents, OpenHands, and OWL, this…

While Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches lead to significant achievements in a variety of areas in recent history, natural language tasks remained mostly unaffected, due to the compositional and combinatorial nature that makes them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Leonard Adolphs , Thomas Hofmann