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The subjective evaluation of early stage engineering designs, such as conceptual sketches, traditionally relies on human experts. However, expert evaluations are time-consuming, expensive, and sometimes inconsistent. Recent advances in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Kristen M. Edwards , Farnaz Tehranchi , Scarlett R. Miller , Faez Ahmed

Large language models (LLMs) augmented with retrieval exhibit robust performance and extensive versatility by incorporating external contexts. However, the input length grows linearly in the number of retrieved documents, causing a dramatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yun Zhu , Jia-Chen Gu , Caitlin Sikora , Ho Ko , Yinxiao Liu , Chu-Cheng Lin , Lei Shu , Liangchen Luo , Lei Meng , Bang Liu , Jindong Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) challenge the validity of traditional open-ended assessments by blurring the lines of authorship. While recent research has focused on the accuracy of automated scoring (AES), these static approaches fail to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Tom Lee , Sihoon Lee , Seonghun Kim

Due to the cumbersome nature of human evaluation and limitations of code-based evaluation, Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used to assist humans in evaluating LLM outputs. Yet LLM-generated evaluators simply inherit all…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Shreya Shankar , J. D. Zamfirescu-Pereira , Björn Hartmann , Aditya G. Parameswaran , Ian Arawjo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are predominantly assessed based on their common sense reasoning, language comprehension, and logical reasoning abilities. While models trained in specialized domains like mathematics or coding have demonstrated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Danny Brahman , Mohammad Mahoor

Large language models (LLMs) make it easy to rewrite a text in any style -- e.g. to make it more polite, persuasive, or more positive -- but evaluation thereof is not straightforward. A challenge lies in measuring content preservation: that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Amalie Brogaard Pauli , Isabelle Augenstein , Ira Assent

Aligning large language models with humans is challenging due to the inherently multifaceted nature of preference feedback. While existing approaches typically frame this as a multi-objective optimization problem, they often overlook how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Mohamad Chehade , Soumya Suvra Ghosal , Souradip Chakraborty , Avinash Reddy , Dinesh Manocha , Hao Zhu , Amrit Singh Bedi

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence in legal natural language processing demands scalable methods for evaluating text extraction from judicial decisions. This study evaluates 16 unsupervised metrics, including novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Ivan Leonidovich Litvak , Anton Kostin , Fedor Lashkin , Tatiana Maksiyan , Sergey Lagutin

LLMs (Large Language Models) are increasingly used in text processing pipelines to intelligently respond to a variety of inputs and generation tasks. This raises the possibility of replacing human roles that bottleneck existing information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Kester Clegg , Richard Hawkins , Ibrahim Habli , Tom Lawton

Recent advances in Large Language Model (LLM) based Generative AI techniques have made it feasible to translate enterprise-level code from legacy languages such as COBOL to modern languages such as Java or Python. While the results of…

Large reasoning models, often post-trained on long chain-of-thought (long CoT) data with reinforcement learning, achieve state-of-the-art performance on mathematical, coding, and domain-specific reasoning benchmarks. However, their logical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Hanmeng Liu , Yiran Ding , Zhizhang Fu , Chaoli Zhang , Xiaozhang Liu , Yue Zhang

Despite the remarkable coherence of Large Language Models (LLMs), existing evaluation methods often suffer from fluency bias and rely heavily on multiple-choice formats, making it difficult to assess factual accuracy and complex reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Raymond Bernard , Shaina Raza , Subhabrata Das , Rahul Murugan

Despite the importance of aligning language models with human preferences, crowd-sourced human feedback is often noisy -- for example, preferring less desirable responses -- posing a fundamental challenge to alignment. A truly robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Masahiro Fujisawa , Masaki Adachi , Michael A. Osborne

The leaderboard of Large Language Models (LLMs) in mathematical tasks has been continuously updated. However, the majority of evaluations focus solely on the final results, neglecting the quality of the intermediate steps. This oversight…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Shijie Xia , Xuefeng Li , Yixin Liu , Tongshuang Wu , Pengfei Liu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a central post-training paradigm for large language models (LLMs), but its performance is highly sensitive to the quality of training problems. This sensitivity stems from the non-stationarity of RL:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Ningyuan Yang , Weihua Du , Weiwei Sun , Sean Welleck , Yiming Yang

Reliable evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is impeded by two key challenges: objective metrics often fail to reflect human perception of natural language, and exhaustive human labeling is prohibitively expensive. Here, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Kehua Feng , Keyan Ding , Hongzhi Tan , Kede Ma , Zhihua Wang , Shuangquan Guo , Yuzhou Cheng , Ge Sun , Guozhou Zheng , Qiang Zhang , Huajun Chen

To integrate seamlessly into real-world software engineering, Code Agents must evolve from passive instruction followers into proactive collaborative partners. However, current evaluation paradigms predominantly reward "guessing" user…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jialin Li , Yuan Wu , Yi Chang

Spatio-temporal data mining plays a pivotal role in informed decision making across diverse domains. However, existing models are often restricted to narrow tasks, lacking the capacity for multi-task inference and complex long-form…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Kethmi Hirushini Hettige , Jiahao Ji , Cheng Long , Shili Xiang , Gao Cong , Jingyuan Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across diverse domains, yet they still encounter challenges such as insufficient domain-specific knowledge, biases, and hallucinations. This underscores the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Hongliu Cao , Ilias Driouich , Robin Singh , Eoin Thomas

Test collections are information-retrieval tools that allow researchers to quickly and easily evaluate ranking algorithms. While test collections have become an integral part of IR research, the process of data creation involves significant…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Rikiya Takehi , Ellen M. Voorhees , Tetsuya Sakai , Ian Soboroff