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Automated short-answer grading (ASAG) remains a challenging task due to the linguistic variability of student responses and the need for nuanced, rubric-aligned partial credit. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising solution,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Haotian Deng , Chris Farber , Jiyoon Lee , David Tang

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) are a popular method for interpreting concepts represented in large language model (LLM) activations. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the validity of their interpretations due to the lack of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Subhash Kantamneni , Joshua Engels , Senthooran Rajamanoharan , Max Tegmark , Neel Nanda

We study how reliably sparse autoencoders (SAEs) support claims about reasoning-related internal features in large language models. We first give a stylized analysis showing that sparsity-regularized decoding can preferentially retain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 George Ma , Zhongyuan Liang , Irene Y. Chen , Somayeh Sojoudi

The efficient adjudication of responsibility disputes is pivotal for maintaining marketplace fairness. However, the exponential surge in ride-hailing volume renders manual review intractable, while conventional automated methods lack the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Weiming Wu , Zi-Jian Cheng , Jie Meng , Peng Zhen , Shan Huang , Qun Li , Guobin Wu , Lan-Zhe Guo

Industrial and scientific applications handle large volumes of data that render manual validation by humans infeasible. Therefore, we require automated data validation approaches that are able to consider the prior knowledge of domain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Florian Bachinger , Gabriel Kronberger

Identifying the vulnerabilities of large language models (LLMs) is crucial for improving their safety by addressing inherent weaknesses. Jailbreaks, in which adversaries bypass safeguards with crafted input prompts, play a central role in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Hamin Koo , Minseon Kim , Jaehyung Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to evaluate information retrieval (IR) systems, generating relevance judgments traditionally made by human assessors. Recent empirical studies suggest that LLM-based evaluations often align…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Laura Dietz , Oleg Zendel , Peter Bailey , Charles Clarke , Ellese Cotterill , Jeff Dalton , Faegheh Hasibi , Mark Sanderson , Nick Craswell

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated judges and synthetic labelers, especially in low-label settings. Yet these systems are stochastic and often overconfident, which makes deployment decisions difficult when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Maxim Khomiakov , Jes Frellsen

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become integrated into high-stakes domains, there is a growing need for evaluation methods that are both scalable for real-time deployment and reliable for critical decision-making. While human evaluation is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xiaochuan Li , Ke Wang , Girija Gouda , Shubham Choudhary , Yaqun Wang , Linwei Hu , Joel Vaughan , Freddy Lecue

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly assist software engineering tasks that require reasoning over long code contexts, yet their robustness under varying input conditions remains unclear. We conduct a systematic study of long-context…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Kishan Maharaj , Nandakishore Menon , Ashita Saxena , Srikanth Tamilselvam

Autoformalization aims to convert informal mathematical proofs into machine-verifiable formats, bridging the gap between natural and formal languages. However, ensuring semantic alignment between the informal and formalized statements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jianqiao Lu , Yingjia Wan , Yinya Huang , Jing Xiong , Zhengying Liu , Zhijiang Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being used more and more extensively for automated evaluation in various scenarios. Previous studies have attempted to fine-tune open-source LLMs to replicate the evaluation explanations and judgments of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Kaishuai Xu , Tiezheng Yu , Wenjun Hou , Yi Cheng , Liangyou Li , Xin Jiang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Wenjie Li

This paper introduces LalaEval, a holistic framework designed for the human evaluation of domain-specific large language models (LLMs). LalaEval proposes a comprehensive suite of end-to-end protocols that cover five main components…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Chongyan Sun , Ken Lin , Shiwei Wang , Hulong Wu , Chengfei Fu , Zhen Wang

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in open-ended scenarios is challenging because existing benchmarks and metrics can not measure them comprehensively. To address this problem, we propose to fine-tune LLMs as scalable judges (JudgeLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lianghui Zhu , Xinggang Wang , Xinlong Wang

This research introduces the Judge's Verdict Benchmark, a novel two-step methodology to evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) as judges for response accuracy evaluation tasks. We assess how well 54 LLMs can replicate human judgment when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Steve Han , Gilberto Titericz Junior , Tom Balough , Wenfei Zhou

The performance of large language models (LLMs) is closely linked to their underlying size, leading to ever-growing networks and hence slower inference. Speculative decoding has been proposed as a technique to accelerate autoregressive…

Work on instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) has used automatic methods based on text overlap and LLM judgments as cost-effective alternatives to human evaluation. In this paper, we perform a meta-evaluation of such methods and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Ehsan Doostmohammadi , Oskar Holmström , Marco Kuhlmann

Large Language Models (LLMs) acquire extensive knowledge and remarkable abilities from extensive text corpora, making them powerful tools for various applications. To make LLMs more usable, aligning them with human preferences is essential.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Mozhi Zhang , Pengyu Wang , Chenkun Tan , Mianqiu Huang , Dong Zhang , Yaqian Zhou , Xipeng Qiu

LLM-powered coding agents are reshaping the development paradigm. However, existing evaluation systems, neither traditional tests for humans nor benchmarks for LLMs, fail to capture this shift, excluding problems that require both human…

The quality of finetuning data is crucial for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values. Current methods to improve data quality are either labor-intensive or prone to factual errors caused by LLM hallucinations. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Run-Ze Fan , Xuefeng Li , Haoyang Zou , Junlong Li , Shwai He , Ethan Chern , Jiewen Hu , Pengfei Liu
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