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Third party advertising and tracking (A&T) are pervasive across the web, yet user exposure varies significantly with browser choice, browsing location, and hosting jurisdiction. We systematically study how these three factors shape tracking…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Tanya Prasad , Rut Vora , Soo Yee Lim , Nguyen Phong Hoang , Thomas Pasquier

As third-party cookie blocking is becoming the norm in browsers, advertisers and trackers have started to use first-party cookies for tracking. We conduct a differential measurement study on 10K websites with third-party cookies allowed and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Shaoor Munir , Sandra Siby , Umar Iqbal , Steven Englehardt , Zubair Shafiq , Carmela Troncoso

Autonomous multimodal language models are rapidly evolving into web agents that can browse, click, and purchase items on behalf of users, posing a threat to display advertising designed for human eyes. Yet little is known about how these…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Joel Nitu , Heidrun Mühle , Andreas Stöckl

Recent multi-media data such as images and videos have been rapidly spread out on various online services such as social network services (SNS). With the explosive growth of online media services, the number of image content that may harm…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Eungyeom Ha , Heemook Kim , Sung Chul Hong , Dongbin Na

Salient object detection (SOD) is a crucial and preliminary task for many computer vision applications, which have made progress with deep CNNs. Most of the existing methods mainly rely on the RGB information to distinguish the salient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Jiawei Zhao , Yifan Zhao , Jia Li , Xiaowu Chen

It has become apparent that a Gaussian center bias can serve as an important prior for visual saliency detection, which has been demonstrated for predicting human eye fixations and salient object detection. Tseng et al. have shown that the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-08-13 Boris Schauerte , Rainer Stiefelhagen

This paper identifies and addresses a serious design bias of existing salient object detection (SOD) datasets, which unrealistically assume that each image should contain at least one clear and uncluttered salient object. This design bias…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Deng-Ping Fan , Jing Zhang , Gang Xu , Ming-Ming Cheng , Ling Shao

As third-party cookies are being phased out or restricted by major browsers, first-party cookies are increasingly repurposed for tracking. Prior work has shown that third-party scripts embedded in the main frame can access and exfiltrate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Pouneh Nikkhah Bahrami , Aurore Fass , Zubair Shafiq

This paper investigates the accessibility of cookie notices on websites for users with visual impairments (VI) via a set of system studies on top UK websites (n=46) and a user study (n=100). We use a set of methods and tools--including…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-18 James M. Clarke , Maryam Mehrnezhad , Ehsan Toreini

The existing approaches to identify personalized salience zones of a Web page do not consider the dynamic behavior in time of the Web user's gaze or the alterations of its content. For this reason, this paper proposes the concept of visit…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-11-18 F. Diaz-Guerra , A. Jimenez-Molina

Salient object detection is inherently a subjective problem, as observers with different priors may perceive different objects as salient. However, existing methods predominantly formulate it as an objective prediction task with a single…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Fuxi Zhang , Yifan Wang , Hengrun Zhao , Zhuohan Sun , Changxing Xia , Lijun Wang , Huchuan Lu , Yangrui Shao , Chen Yang , Long Teng

In e-commerce, product content, especially product images have a significant influence on a customer's journey from product discovery to evaluation and finally, purchase decision. Since many e-commerce retailers sell items from other…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-05 Shreyansh Gandhi , Samrat Kokkula , Abon Chaudhuri , Alessandro Magnani , Theban Stanley , Behzad Ahmadi , Venkatesh Kandaswamy , Omer Ovenc , Shie Mannor

Co-salient object detection, with the target of detecting co-existed salient objects among a group of images, is gaining popularity. Recent works use the attention mechanism or extra information to aggregate common co-salient features,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Siyue Yu , Jimin Xiao , Bingfeng Zhang , Eng Gee Lim

We extensively compare, qualitatively and quantitatively, 40 state-of-the-art models (28 salient object detection, 10 fixation prediction, 1 objectness, and 1 baseline) over 6 challenging datasets for the purpose of benchmarking salient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-02 Ali Borji , Ming-Ming Cheng , Huaizu Jiang , Jia Li

Cookie paywalls allow visitors of a website to access its content only after they make a choice between paying a fee or accept tracking. European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) recently issued guidelines and decisions on paywalls…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Victor Morel , Cristiana Santos , Viktor Fredholm , Adam Thunberg

In the EU, the General Data Protection Regulation and the ePrivacy Directive mandate consent for the use of personal data for the purpose of behavioural advertising and tracking technologies. However, the ubiquity of consent banners has led…

On the modern web, trackers and advertisers frequently construct and monetize users' detailed behavioral profiles without consent. Despite various studies on web tracking mechanisms and advertisements, there has been no rigorous study…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Zahra Moti , Asuman Senol , Hamid Bostani , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius , Veelasha Moonsamy , Arunesh Mathur , Gunes Acar

As an essential problem in computer vision, salient object detection (SOD) has attracted an increasing amount of research attention over the years. Recent advances in SOD are predominantly led by deep learning-based solutions (named deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Wenguan Wang , Qiuxia Lai , Huazhu Fu , Jianbing Shen , Haibin Ling , Ruigang Yang

With the rapid increase in online interactions, concerns over data privacy and transparency of data processing practices have become more pronounced. While regulations like the GDPR have driven the widespread adoption of cookie banners in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Sana Athar , Devashish Gosain , Anja Feldmann , Mannat Kaur , Ha Dao

Deep learning based salient object detection has recently achieved great success with its performance greatly outperforms any other unsupervised methods. However, annotating per-pixel saliency masks is a tedious and inefficient procedure.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Guanbin Li , Yuan Xie , Liang Lin