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Dark patterns are (evil) design nudges that steer people's behaviour through persuasive interface design. Increasingly found in cookie consent requests, they possibly undermine principles of EU privacy law. In two preregistered online…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Paul Graßl , Hanna Schraffenberger , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius , Moniek Buijzen

In 2002, the European Union (EU) introduced the ePrivacy Directive to regulate the usage of online tracking technologies. Its aim is to make tracking mechanisms explicit while increasing privacy awareness in users. It mandates websites to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Martino Trevisan , Stefano Traverso , Hassan Metwalley , Marco Mellia

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires websites to ask for consent to the use of cookies for \emph{specific purposes}. This enlarges the relevant design space for consent dialogs. Websites could try to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Dominique Machuletz , Rainer Böhme

To protect users' privacy, legislators have regulated the usage of tracking technologies, mandating the acquisition of users' consent before collecting data. Consequently, websites started showing more and more consent management modules --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Nikhil Jha , Martino Trevisan , Luca Vassio , Marco Mellia

We present a model for predicting visual attention during the free viewing of graphic design documents. While existing works on this topic have aimed at predicting static saliency of graphic designs, our work is the first attempt to predict…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Souradeep Chakraborty , Zijun Wei , Conor Kelton , Seoyoung Ahn , Aruna Balasubramanian , Gregory J. Zelinsky , Dimitris Samaras

Cookie paywalls allow visitors to access the content of a website only after making a choice between paying a fee (paying option) or accepting tracking (cookie option). The practice has been studied in previous research in regard to its…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Andreas Stenwreth , Simon Täng , Victor Morel

The recent European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and other data protection regulations restrict the processing of some categories of personal data (health, political orientation, sexual preferences, religious beliefs, ethnic…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-01-21 Ángel Cuevas , José González Cabañas , Aritz Arrate , Rubén Cuevas

New consent management platforms (CMPs) have been introduced to the web to conform with the EU's General Data Protection Regulation, particularly its requirements for consent when companies collect and process users' personal data. This…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-01-09 Midas Nouwens , Ilaria Liccardi , Michael Veale , David Karger , Lalana Kagal

The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which went into effect in May 2018, leads to important changes in this area: companies are now required to ask for users' consent before collecting and sharing personal data and by law…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Tobias Urban , Dennis Tatang , Martin Degeling , Thorsten Holz , Norbert Pohlmann

Salient object detection (SOD), which simulates the human visual perception system to locate the most attractive object(s) in a scene, has been widely applied to various computer vision tasks. Now, with the advent of depth sensors, depth…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Tao Zhou , Deng-Ping Fan , Ming-Ming Cheng , Jianbing Shen , Ling Shao

People are becoming increasingly concerned with their online privacy, especially with how advertising companies track them across websites (a practice called cross-site tracking), as reconstructing a user's browser history can reveal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Alisha Ukani

Despite recent improvements in computer vision, artificial visual systems' design is still daunting since an explanation of visual computing algorithms remains elusive. Salient object detection is one problem that is still open due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Gustavo Olague , Jose Armando Menendez-Clavijo , Matthieu Olague , Arturo Ocampo , Gerardo Ibarra-Vazquez , Rocio Ochoa , Roberto Pineda

The upcoming European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) prohibits the processing and exploitation of some categories of personal data (health, political orientation, sexual preferences, religious beliefs, ethnic origin, etc.) due to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-01-21 José González Cabañas , Ángel Cuevas , Rubén Cuevas

The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) secures the right to Opt-Out for consumers in California. However, websites may implement complex consent mechanisms that potentially do not capture the user's true choices. We investigated the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Torsha Mazumdar , Daniel Timko , Muhammad Lutfor Rahman

Despite stringent data protection regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and other country-specific regulations, many websites continue to use cookies to track user…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Nivedita Singh , Yejin Do , Yongsang Yu. Imane Fouad , Jungrae Kim , Hyoungshick Kim

Existing \textbf{s}alient \textbf{o}bject \textbf{d}etection (SOD) methods adopt a \textbf{passive} visual stimulus-based rationale--objects with the strongest visual stimuli are perceived as the user's primary focus (i.e., salient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Chenglizhao Chen , Shujian Zhang , Luming Li , Wenfeng Song , Shuai Li

In response to growing concerns about user privacy, legislators have introduced new regulations and laws such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that force websites to obtain user…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Nikhil Jha , Martino Trevisan , Marco Mellia , Daniel Fernandez , Rodrigo Irarrazaval

Browser fingerprinting is a relatively new method of uniquely identifying browsers that can be used to track web users. In some ways it is more privacy-threatening than tracking via cookies, as users have no direct control over it. A number…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Nasser Mohammed Al-Fannah , Wanpeng Li , Chris J Mitchell

Recent privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) have established legal requirements for obtaining user consent regarding the collection, use, and sharing of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Ying Li , Wenjun Qiu , Faysal Hossain Shezan , Kunlin Cai , Michelangelo van Dam , Lisa Austin , David Lie , Yuan Tian

Stateful and stateless web tracking gathered much attention in the last decade, however they were always measured separately. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to detect and measure cookie respawning with browser and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Imane Fouad , Cristiana Santos , Arnaud Legout , Nataliia Bielova