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Caching has the potential to be of significant benefit for accessing large language models (LLMs) due to their high latencies which typically range from a small number of seconds to well over a minute. Furthermore, many LLMs charge money…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Arun Iyengar , Ashish Kundu , Ramana Kompella , Sai Nandan Mamidi

Large Language Model (LLM) training is frequently interrupted by a heterogeneous spectrum of failures, from common GPU crashes to catastrophic cluster-wide outages. Existing checkpointing systems rely on monolithic, single-tier storage…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Shujie Han , Feng Jiang , Patrick P. C. Lee , Xiao Zhang , Zhijie Huang , Nannan Zhao , Xiaonan Zhao , Lichen Pan

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) are now deployed to hundreds of millions of users. LLM inference is commonly performed on batches of sequences that share a prefix, such as few-shot examples or a chatbot system prompt.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Jordan Juravsky , Bradley Brown , Ryan Ehrlich , Daniel Y. Fu , Christopher Ré , Azalia Mirhoseini

Large language models (LLMs) iteratively generate text token by token, with memory usage increasing with the length of generated token sequences. Since the request generation length is generally unpredictable, it is difficult to estimate…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Ke Cheng , Wen Hu , Zhi Wang , Hongen Peng , Jianguo Li , Sheng Zhang

In-context learning has established itself as an important learning paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs). In this paper, we demonstrate that LLMs can learn encoding keys in-context and perform analysis directly on encoded…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Andresa Rodrigues de Campos , David Lee , Imry Kissos , Piyush Paritosh

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across a versatile set of tasks. A key challenge in accelerating VLMs is storing and accessing the large Key-Value (KV) cache that encodes long visual contexts, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Dezhan Tu , Danylo Vashchilenko , Yuzhe Lu , Panpan Xu

Large language models with long context windows can answer complex questions directly from full-length academic, technical, and policy documents, but passing entire documents is often costly, slow, and can degrade answer quality while…

The key-value (KV) cache is a foundational optimization in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs), eliminating redundant recomputation of past token representations during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yichun Xu , Navjot K. Khaira , Tejinder Singh

Scaling test-time computation--generating and analyzing multiple or sequential outputs for a single input--has become a promising strategy for improving the reliability and quality of large language models (LLMs), as evidenced by advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sungjae Lee , Hoyoung Kim , Jeongyeon Hwang , Eunhyeok Park , Jungseul Ok

Vision-language models (VLMs) have transformed multimodal reasoning, but feeding hundreds of visual patch tokens into LLMs incurs quadratic computational costs, straining memory and context windows. Traditional approaches face a trade-off:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Jusheng Zhang , Xiaoyang Guo , Kaitong Cai , Qinhan Lv , Yijia Fan , Wenhao Chai , Jian Wang , Keze Wang

Large language models (LLMs) rely on key-value (KV) caches for efficient autoregressive decoding; however, cache size grows linearly with context length and model depth, becoming a major bottleneck in long-context inference. Prior KV cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Dmitry Akulov , Mohamed Sana , Antonio De Domenico , Tareq Si Salem , Nicola Piovesan , Fadhel Ayed

The quadratic complexity of the attention mechanism and the substantial memory footprint of the Key-Value (KV) cache present severe computational and memory challenges for Large Language Models (LLMs) processing long contexts. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Dongfang Li , Zixuan Liu , Gang Lin , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Video large language models (Video-LLMs) face high computational costs due to large volumes of visual tokens. Existing token compression methods typically adopt a two-stage spatiotemporal compression strategy, relying on stage-specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Junhao Du , Jialong Xue , Anqi Li , Jincheng Dai , Guo Lu

The proliferation of long-context large language models (LLMs) exposes a key bottleneck: the rapidly expanding key-value cache during decoding, which imposes heavy memory and latency costs. While recent approaches attempt to alleviate this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Gang Lin , Dongfang Li , Zhuoen Chen , Yukun Shi , Xuhui Chen , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Key-Value cache (\texttt{KV} \texttt{cache}) compression has emerged as a promising technique to optimize Large Language Model (LLM) serving. It primarily decreases the memory consumption of \texttt{KV} \texttt{cache} to reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Wei Gao , Xinyu Zhou , Peng Sun , Tianwei Zhang , Yonggang Wen

Text embeddings from Large Language Models (LLMs) have become foundational for numerous applications. However, these models typically operate on raw text, overlooking the rich structural information, such as hyperlinks or citations, that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Shikun Liu , Haoyu Wang , Mufei Li , Pan Li

As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve into persistent scientific collaborators, context window saturation has emerged as a critical bottleneck. Scientific workflows involving iterative data analysis and hypothesis refinement rapidly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Nikola Milosevic

Context window efficiency is a practical constraint in large language model (LLM)-based developer tools. Paulsen [12] shows that all tested models degrade in accuracy well before their advertised context limits the Maximum Effective Context…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Shweta Mishra

Autoregressive decoding in large language models (LLMs) requires caching a growing list of past key-value (KV) pairs, making long-context inference a memory-bound problem. While recent methods have explored quantizing the cache, evicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Harshil Vejendla

Conversational speech recognition is regarded as a challenging task due to its free-style speaking and long-term contextual dependencies. Prior work has explored the modeling of long-range context through RNNLM rescoring with improved…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Kun Wei , Pengcheng Guo , Hang Lv , Zhen Tu , Lei Xie