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Many quantum software development kits provide a suite of circuit optimisation passes. These passes have been highly optimised and tested in isolation. However, the order in which they are applied is left to the user, or else defined in…

CNOT circuits are a common building block of general quantum circuits. The problem of synthesizing and optimizing such circuits has received a lot of attention in the quantum computing literature. This problem is especially challenging for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-09 Nir Gavrielov , Alexander Ivrii , Shelly Garion

We propose a novel Reinforcement Learning (RL) method for optimizing quantum circuits using graph-theoretic simplification rules of ZX-diagrams. The agent, trained using the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm, employs Graph Neural…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Jordi Riu , Jan Nogué , Gerard Vilaplana , Artur Garcia-Saez , Marta P. Estarellas

We provide a method for compiling approximate multi-controlled single qubit gates into quantum circuits without ancilla qubits. The total number of elementary gates to decompose an n-qubit multi-controlled gate is proportional to 32n, and…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has established itself as a powerful tool for designing quantum circuits, which are essential for processing quantum information. RL applications have typically focused on circuits of small to intermediate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-17 Jan Olle , Oleg M. Yevtushenko , Florian Marquardt

Computing a minimum-size circuit that implements a certain function is a standard optimization task. We consider circuits of CNOT gates, which are fundamental binary gates in reversible and quantum computing. Algebraically, CNOT circuits on…

In the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ), executing quantum algorithms on actual quantum devices faces unique challenges. One such challenge is that quantum devices in this era have restricted connectivity: quantum gates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-16 Yao Tang

Variational Quantum Algorithms have emerged as promising tools for solving optimization problems on quantum computers. These algorithms leverage a parametric quantum circuit called ansatz, where its parameters are adjusted by a classical…

High-fidelity control of one- and two-qubit gates past the error correction threshold is an essential ingredient for scalable quantum computing. We present a reinforcement learning (RL) approach to find entangling protocols for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Mohammad Abedi , Markus Schmitt

We study the problem of CNOT-optimal quantum circuit synthesis over gate sets consisting of CNOT and Z-basis rotations of arbitrary angles. We show that the circuit-polynomial correspondence relates such circuits to Fourier expansions of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-29 Matthew Amy , Parsiad Azimzadeh , Michele Mosca

The Controlled-Not (CNOT) gate is essential to algorithms in quantum computing for its ability to entangle qubits. As such, it is important to understand how students learning quantum computing reason around the function and use of this…

Physics Education · Physics 2026-04-21 Jonan-Rohi S. Plueger , Bethany R. Wilcox , Steven J. Pollock , Gina Passante

The physical limitations of quantum hardware often require nearest-neighbor qubit structures, in which two-qubit gates are required to construct nearest-neighbor quantum circuits. However, two-qubit gates are considered a major cost of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-31 Byeongyong Park , Doyeol Ahn

Higher-dimensional quantum systems, such as qudits, offer architectural and algorithmic advantages over qubits, but their increased spectral crowding and limited controllability render high-fidelity quantum gates particularly challenging.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Amine Jaouadi , Sahel Ashhab

The exponential speed up of quantum algorithms and the fundamental limits of current CMOS process for future design technology have directed attentions toward quantum circuits. In this paper, the matrix specification of a broad category of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-04-12 Mehdi Saeedi , Morteza Saheb Zamani , Mehdi Sedighi

There are various gate sets that can be used to describe a quantum computation. A particularly popular gate set in the literature on quantum computing consists of arbitrary single-qubit gates and 2-qubit CNOT gates. A CNOT gate is however…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-05 John van de Wetering

Quantum circuits composed of CNOT and $R_z$ are fundamental building blocks of many quantum algorithms, so optimizing the synthesis of such quantum circuits is crucial. We address this problem from a theoretical perspective by studying the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-15 Yixin Cao , Yiren Lu , Junhong Nie , Xiaoming Sun , Guojing Tian

The increasing depth of quantum circuits presents a major limitation for the execution of quantum algorithms, as the limited coherence time of physical qubits leads to noise that manifests as errors during computation. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Spyros Tserkis , Muhammad Umer , Dimitris G. Angelakis

We study in detail the algebraic structures underlying quantum circuits generated by CNOT gates. Our results allow us to propose polynomial-time heuristics to reduce the number of gates used in a given CNOT circuit and we also give…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-18 Marc Bataille

A common requirement of quantum simulations and algorithms is the preparation of complex states through sequences of 2-qubit gates. For a generic quantum state, the number of gates grows exponentially with the number of qubits, becoming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Matan Ben Dov , David Shnaiderov , Adi Makmal , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

Minimizing the use of CNOT gates in quantum state preparation is a crucial step in quantum compilation, as they introduce coupling constraints and more noise than single-qubit gates. Reducing the number of CNOT gates can lead to more…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Hanyu Wang , Bochen Tan , Jason Cong , Giovanni De Micheli