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Bilevel optimization (BLO) becomes fundamentally more challenging when the lower-level objective admits multiple minimizers. Beyond the unique-minimizer setting, two difficulties arise: (1) evaluating the hyper-objective $F_{\max}$ requires…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-16 Saeed Masiha , Zebang Shen , Negar Kiyavash , Niao He

Bilevel Optimization has experienced significant advancements recently with the introduction of new efficient algorithms. Mirroring the success in single-level optimization, stochastic gradient-based algorithms are widely used in bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-12 Junyi Li , Heng Huang

This paper investigates two related optimal input selection problems for fixed (non-switched) and switched structured systems. More precisely, we consider selecting the minimum cost of inputs from a prior set of inputs, and selecting the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-20 Yuan Zhang , Yuanqing Xia , Shenyu Liu , Zhongqi Sun

Recently, bi-level optimization (BLO) has taken center stage in some very exciting developments in the area of signal processing (SP) and machine learning (ML). Roughly speaking, BLO is a classical optimization problem that involves two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Yihua Zhang , Prashant Khanduri , Ioannis Tsaknakis , Yuguang Yao , Mingyi Hong , Sijia Liu

In this study, we consider a class of linear matroid interdiction problems, where the feasible sets for the upper-level decision-maker (referred to as a leader) and the lower-level decision-maker (referred to as a follower) are induced by…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Sergey S. Ketkov , Oleg A. Prokopyev

The goal of coreset selection in supervised learning is to produce a weighted subset of data, so that training only on the subset achieves similar performance as training on the entire dataset. Existing methods achieved promising results in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Xiao Zhou , Renjie Pi , Weizhong Zhang , Yong Lin , Tong Zhang

Usually, bilevel optimization problems need to be transformed into single-level ones in order to derive optimality conditions and solution algorithms. Among the available approaches, the replacement of the lower-level problem by means of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-17 Stephan Dempe , Patrick Mehlitz

Bilevel optimization is characterized by a two-level optimization structure, where the upper-level problem is constrained by optimal lower-level solutions, and such structures are prevalent in real-world problems. The constraint by optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Ruth Wan Theng Chew , Quoc Phong Nguyen , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

In this paper, we focus on simple bilevel optimization problems, where we minimize a convex smooth objective function over the optimal solution set of another convex smooth constrained optimization problem. We present a novel bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-03 Jincheng Cao , Ruichen Jiang , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani , Aryan Mokhtari

We study a class of bilevel optimization problems in which both the upper- and lower-level problems have minimax structures. This setting captures a broad range of emerging applications. Despite the extensive literature on bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Yiyang Shen , Yutian He , Weiran Wang , Qihang Lin

This paper considers a bilevel program, which has many applications in practice. To develop effective numerical algorithms, it is generally necessary to transform the bilevel program into a single-level optimization problem. The most…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-15 Yuwei Li , Gui-Hua Lin , Jin Zhang , Xide Zhu

While stochastic bilevel optimization methods have been extensively studied for addressing large-scale nested optimization problems in machine learning, it remains an open question whether the optimal complexity bounds for solving bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Tianshu Chu , Dachuan Xu , Wei Yao , Jin Zhang

Stochastic bilevel optimization generalizes the classic stochastic optimization from the minimization of a single objective to the minimization of an objective function that depends the solution of another optimization problem. Recently,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-01 Tianyi Chen , Yuejiao Sun , Quan Xiao , Wotao Yin

This paper depicts algorithms for solving the decision Boolean Satisfiability Problem. An extreme problem is formulated to analyze the complexity of algorithms and the complexity for solving it. A novel and easy reformulation as a lottery…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-04-15 Carlos Barrón-Romero

Bilevel optimization, a hierarchical optimization paradigm, has gained significant attention in a wide range of practical applications, notably in the fine-tuning of generative models. However, due to the nested problem structure, most…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Liuyuan Jiang , Quan Xiao , Lisha Chen , Tianyi Chen

Near-optimality robustness extends multilevel optimization with a limited deviation of a lower level from its optimal solution, anticipated by higher levels. We analyze the complexity of near-optimal robust multilevel problems, where…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-12 Mathieu Besançon , Miguel F. Anjos , Luce Brotcorne

Second-order optimality conditions of the bilevel programming problems are dependent on the second-order directional derivatives of the value functions or the solution mappings of the lower level problems under some regular conditions,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-24 Xiang Liu , Mengwei Xu , Liwei Zhang

A learning approach to selecting regularization parameters in multi-penalty Tikhonov regularization is investigated. It leads to a bilevel optimization problem, where the lower level problem is a Tikhonov regularized problem parameterized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-05 Gernot Holler , Karl Kunisch , Richard C. Barnard

Current state-of-the-art solution techniques for solving bilevel optimization problems either assume strong problem regularity criteria or are computationally intractable. In this paper we address power system problems of bilevel structure,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 Domagoj Vlah , Karlo Šepetanc , Hrvoje Pandžić

This paper presents an algorithmic study of a class of covering mixed-integer linear programming problems which encompasses classic cover problems, including multidimensional knapsack, facility location and supplier selection problems. We…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Kobe Grobben , Phablo F. S. Moura , Hande Yaman
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