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In this work, we propose derivative-free framework for bilevel optimization. We consider both the upper and lower-level problems with bound constraints on the variables, as well as general nonlinear constraints, assuming that first-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Edoardo Cesaroni , Giampaolo Liuzzi , Stefano Lucidi

The addition of lower level integrality constraints to a bi-level linear program is known to result in significantly weaker analytical properties. Most notably, the upper level goal function in the optimistic setting lacks lower…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-13 Johanna Burtscheidt , Matthias Claus

(Stochastic) bilevel optimization is a frequently encountered problem in machine learning with a wide range of applications such as meta-learning, hyper-parameter optimization, and reinforcement learning. Most of the existing studies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Meng Ding , Mingxi Lei , Yunwen Lei , Di Wang , Jinhui Xu

In this paper, we study a class of bilevel optimization program (BP), where the feasible set of the lower level program is independent of the upper level variable. For bilevel programs it is known that the first order approach requires the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-27 Kuang Bai , Wei Yao , Jane J. Ye , Jin Zhang

Bilevel optimization involves a hierarchical structure where one problem is nested within another, leading to complex interdependencies between levels. We propose a single-loop, tuning-free algorithm that guarantees anytime feasibility,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-15 Sina Sharifi , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani , Mahyar Fazlyab

Bilevel optimization is a key framework in hierarchical decision-making, where one problem is embedded within the constraints of another. In this work, we propose a control-theoretic approach to solving bilevel optimization problems. Our…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-25 Sina Sharifi , Nazanin Abolfazli , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani , Mahyar Fazlyab

In this paper, we study a fixed-confidence, fixed-tolerance formulation of a class of stochastic bi-level optimization problems, where the upper-level problem selects from a finite set of systems based on a performance metric, and the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-20 Yuhao Wang , Seong-Hee Kim , Enlu Zhou

The literature on pessimistic linear bilevel optimization with coupling constraints is rather scarce and it has been common sense that these problems are harder to tackle than pessimistic bilevel problems without coupling constraints. In…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-08 Dorothee Henke , Henri Lefebvre , Martin Schmidt , Johannes Thürauf

Bilevel optimization problems are a class of challenging optimization problems, which contain two levels of optimization tasks. In these problems, the optimal solutions to the lower level problem become possible feasible candidates to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-10-08 Ankur Sinha , Pekka Malo , Kalyanmoy Deb

Detectability of failures of linear programming (LP) decoding and its potential for improvement by adding new constraints motivate the use of an adaptive approach in selecting the constraints for the LP problem. In this paper, we make a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Mohammad H. Taghavi N. , Paul H. Siegel

A standard approach to solving optimistic bilevel linear programs (BLPs) is to replace the lower-level problem with its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions and reformulate the resulting complementarity constraints using auxiliary…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-19 Sergey S. Ketkov , Oleg A. Prokopyev

Bilevel optimization is an important formulation for many machine learning problems. Current bilevel optimization algorithms assume that the gradient of the upper-level function is Lipschitz. However, recent studies reveal that certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Jie Hao , Xiaochuan Gong , Mingrui Liu

Detectability of failures of linear programming (LP) decoding and the potential for improvement by adding new constraints motivate the use of an adaptive approach in selecting the constraints for the underlying LP problem. In this paper, we…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Mohammad H. Taghavi , Paul H. Siegel

Many combinatorial optimization problems entail a number of hierarchically dependent optimization problems. An often used solution is to associate a suitably large cost with each individual optimization problem, such that the solution of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2009-04-02 Josep Argelich , Ines Lynce , Joao Marques-Silva

Bilevel optimization has been developed for many machine learning tasks with large-scale and high-dimensional data. This paper considers a constrained bilevel optimization problem, where the lower-level optimization problem is convex with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Siyuan Xu , Minghui Zhu

Bilevel optimization has gained significant attention in recent years due to its broad applications in machine learning. This paper focuses on bilevel optimization in decentralized networks and proposes a novel single-loop algorithm for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-24 Youran Dong , Shiqian Ma , Junfeng Yang , Chao Yin

In this paper, we propose a procedure for designing controlled test problems for single-objective bilevel optimization. The construction procedure is flexible and allows its user to control the different complexities that are to be included…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2016-08-17 Ankur Sinha , Pekka Malo , Kalyanmoy Deb

A natural optimization model that formulates many online resource allocation and revenue management problems is the online linear program (LP) in which the constraint matrix is revealed column by column along with the corresponding…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-04-10 Shipra Agrawal , Zizhuo Wang , Yinyu Ye

Automated hyperparameter search in machine learning, especially for deep learning models, is typically formulated as a bilevel optimization problem, with hyperparameter values determined by the upper level and the model learning achieved by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Meltem Apaydin Ustun , Liang Xu , Bo Zeng , Xiaoning Qian

Practical optimization problems may contain different kinds of difficulties that are often not tractable if one relies on a particular optimization method. Different optimization approaches offer different strengths that are good at…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Ankur Sinha , Dhaval Pujara , Hemant Kumar Singh