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In this work, we developed and tested 3 techniques for vector quantization (VQ) based model weight compression. To mitigate codebook collapse and enable end-to-end training, we adopted cosine similarity-based assignment. Building on ideas…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Terry Gou , Puneet Gupta

Fully quantized training (FQT) accelerates the training of deep neural networks by quantizing the activations, weights, and gradients into lower precision. To explore the ultimate limit of FQT (the lowest achievable precision), we make a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Chang Gao , Jianfei Chen , Kang Zhao , Jiaqi Wang , Liping Jing

We investigate the compression of deep neural networks by quantizing their weights and activations into multiple binary bases, known as multi-bit networks (MBNs), which accelerate the inference and reduce the storage for the deployment on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Zhongnan Qu , Zimu Zhou , Yun Cheng , Lothar Thiele

Batch Normalization (BN) has become an out-of-box technique to improve deep network training. However, its effectiveness is limited for micro-batch training, i.e., each GPU typically has only 1-2 images for training, which is inevitable for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Siyuan Qiao , Huiyu Wang , Chenxi Liu , Wei Shen , Alan Yuille

1-bit LLM quantization offers significant advantages in reducing storage and computational costs. However, existing methods typically train 1-bit LLMs from scratch, failing to fully leverage pre-trained models. This results in high training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhijun Tu , Jian Li , Yuanyuan Xi , Siqi Liu , Chuanjian Liu , Hanting Chen , Jie Hu , Yunhe Wang

Large-scale deep neural networks (DNN) have been successfully used in a number of tasks from image recognition to natural language processing. They are trained using large training sets on large models, making them computationally and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Sek Chai , Aswin Raghavan , David Zhang , Mohamed Amer , Tim Shields

Post-training quantization for reducing the storage of deep neural network models has been demonstrated to be an effective way in various tasks. However, low-bit quantization while maintaining model accuracy is a challenging problem. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Bingtao Yang , Yujia Wang , Mengzhi Jiao , Hongwei Huo

The biggest challenge for the deployment of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) close to the generated data on edge devices is their size, i.e., memory footprint and computational complexity. Both are significantly reduced with quantization. With…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Cecilia Latotzke , Batuhan Balim , Tobias Gemmeke

Deep neural networks are highly susceptible to learning biases in visual data. While various methods have been proposed to mitigate such bias, the majority require explicit knowledge of the biases present in the training data in order to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Rebecca S Stone , Nishant Ravikumar , Andrew J Bulpitt , David C Hogg

Deep Neural Networks(DNNs) have many parameters and activation data, and these both are expensive to implement. One method to reduce the size of the DNN is to quantize the pre-trained model by using a low-bit expression for weights and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Jun Nishikawa , Ryoji Ikegaya

Target classification is a fundamental task in radar systems, and its performance critically depends on the quantization precision of the signal. While high-precision quantization (e.g. 16-bit) is well established, 1-bit quantization offers…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-18 Jundong Qi , Weize Sun , Shaowu Chen , Lei Huang , Qiuchen Liu

Quantized deep neural networks (QDNNs) are attractive due to their much lower memory storage and faster inference speed than their regular full precision counterparts. To maintain the same performance level especially at low bit-widths,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Penghang Yin , Shuai Zhang , Jiancheng Lyu , Stanley Osher , Yingyong Qi , Jack Xin

As machine learning tasks continue to evolve, the trend has been to gather larger datasets and train increasingly larger models. While this has led to advancements in accuracy, it has also escalated computational costs to unsustainable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Mohammad Jafari , Yimeng Zhang , Yihua Zhang , Sijia Liu

Quantization is an effective technique to reduce memory footprint, inference latency, and power consumption of deep learning models. However, existing quantization methods suffer from accuracy degradation compared to full-precision (FP)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Zheng Wang , Juncheng B Li , Shuhui Qu , Florian Metze , Emma Strubell

Although neural networks have made remarkable advancements in various applications, they require substantial computational and memory resources. Network quantization is a powerful technique to compress neural networks, allowing for more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Dawei Yang , Ning He , Xing Hu , Zhihang Yuan , Jiangyong Yu , Chen Xu , Zhe Jiang

The deployment of deep neural networks on resource-constrained devices necessitates effective model com- pression strategies that judiciously balance the reduction of model size with the preservation of performance. This study introduces a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Mohammad Zbeeb , Mariam Salman , Mohammad Bazzi , Ammar Mohanna

Deep learning methods have established a significant place in image classification. While prior research has focused on enhancing final outcomes, the opaque nature of the decision-making process in these models remains a concern for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Elmira Mousa Rezabeyk , Salar Beigzad , Yasin Hamzavi , Mohsen Bagheritabar , Seyedeh Sogol Mirikhoozani

Neural networks have demonstrably achieved state-of-the art accuracy using low-bitlength integer quantization, yielding both execution time and energy benefits on existing hardware designs that support short bitlengths. However, the…

Efficient inference is critical for deploying deep learning models on edge AI devices. Low-bit quantization (e.g., 3- and 4-bit) with fixed-point arithmetic improves efficiency, while low-power memory technologies like analog nonvolatile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Anmol Biswas , Raghav Singhal , Sivakumar Elangovan , Shreyas Sabnis , Udayan Ganguly

Despite the outstanding performance of transformers in both language and vision tasks, the expanding computation and model size have increased the demand for efficient deployment. To address the heavy computation and parameter drawbacks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Xijie Huang , Zhiqiang Shen , Pingcheng Dong , Kwang-Ting Cheng