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As an Indo-Aryan language with limited available data, Chakma remains largely underrepresented in language models. In this work, we introduce a novel corpus of contextually coherent Bangla-transliterated Chakma, curated from Chakma…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Adity Khisa , Nusrat Jahan Lia , Tasnim Mahfuz Nafis , Zarif Masud , Tanzir Pial , Shebuti Rayana , Ahmedul Kabir

Multilingual NLP is often treated as a route to global inclusion, but linguistic coverage and cultural competence frequently diverge. This paper synthesizes over 50 papers spanning multilingual performance inequality, cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sina Bagheri Nezhad

Large language models excel on broad multilingual benchmarks but remain to be evaluated extensively in figurative and culturally grounded reasoning, especially in low-resource contexts. We present BengaliFig, a compact yet richly annotated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Abdullah Al Sefat

Large Language Models offer impressive language capabilities but suffer from well-known limitations, including hallucinations, biases, privacy concerns, and high computational costs. These issues are largely driven by the combination of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jaime Collado-Montañez , L. Alfonso Ureña-López , Arturo Montejo-Ráez

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results in a wide range of natural language applications. However, they often struggle to recognize low-resource languages, in particular African languages, which are not well…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Happy Buzaaba , Alexander Wettig , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Christiane Fellbaum

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly embedded in our daily lives, evaluating their quality and reliability across diverse contexts has become essential. While comprehensive benchmarks exist for assessing LLM performance in…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong generalization across tasks in high-resource languages; however, their linguistic competence in low-resource and morphologically rich languages such as Tamil remains largely unexplored.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jeyarajalingam Varsha , Menan Velayuthan , Sumirtha Karunakaran , Rasan Nivethiga , Kengatharaiyer Sarveswaran

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit extensive knowledge about the world, but most evaluations have been limited to global or anglocentric subjects. This raises the question of how well these models perform on topics relevant to other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Julen Etxaniz , Gorka Azkune , Aitor Soroa , Oier Lopez de Lacalle , Mikel Artetxe

Despite the impressive performance of multilingual large language models (mLLMs) in various natural language processing tasks, their ability to understand procedural texts, particularly those with culture-specific content, remains largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Amir Hossein Yari , Fajri Koto

Large language models appear to learn facts from the large text corpora they are trained on. Such facts are encoded implicitly within their many parameters, making it difficult to verify or manipulate what knowledge has been learned.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Yifan Hou , Wenxiang Jiao , Meizhen Liu , Carl Allen , Zhaopeng Tu , Mrinmaya Sachan

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit superior performance on various natural language tasks, but they are susceptible to issues stemming from outdated data and domain-specific limitations. In order to address these challenges, researchers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Zhangyin Feng , Weitao Ma , Weijiang Yu , Lei Huang , Haotian Wang , Qianglong Chen , Weihua Peng , Xiaocheng Feng , Bing Qin , Ting liu

Although recent Massively Multilingual Language Models (MMLMs) like mBERT and XLMR support around 100 languages, most existing multilingual NLP benchmarks provide evaluation data in only a handful of these languages with little linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Kabir Ahuja , Sandipan Dandapat , Sunayana Sitaram , Monojit Choudhury

There is vivid research on adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform a variety of tasks in high-stakes domains such as healthcare. Despite their popularity, there is a lack of understanding of the extent and contributing factors that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Anand Subramanian , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Ramesh Kashyap , Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Vijay Prakash Dwivedi , Stefan Winkler

While Large Language Models (LLM) have created a massive technological impact in the past decade, allowing for human-enabled applications, they can produce output that contains stereotypes and biases, especially when using low-resource…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Azmine Toushik Wasi , Raima Islam , Mst Rafia Islam , Taki Hasan Rafi , Dong-Kyu Chae

Large language models (LLMs) are highly adept at question answering and reasoning tasks, but when reasoning in a situational context, human expectations vary depending on the relevant cultural common ground. As languages are associated with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Chen Cecilia Liu , Fajri Koto , Timothy Baldwin , Iryna Gurevych

The pursuit of leaderboard rankings in Large Language Models (LLMs) has created a fundamental paradox: models excel at standardized tests while failing to demonstrate genuine language understanding and adaptability. Our systematic analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Sourav Banerjee , Ayushi Agarwal , Eishkaran Singh

Previous work has showcased the intriguing capability of large language models (LLMs) in retrieving facts and processing context knowledge. However, only limited research exists on the layer-wise capability of LLMs to encode knowledge,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Tianjie Ju , Weiwei Sun , Wei Du , Xinwei Yuan , Zhaochun Ren , Gongshen Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in culturally diverse environments, yet existing evaluations of cultural competence remain limited. Existing methods focus on de-contextualized correctness or forced-choice judgments,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Truong Vo , Sanmi Koyejo

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capabilities in solving mathematical problems expressed in natural language. However, multilingual and culturally-grounded mathematical reasoning in low-resource languages lags…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Israel Abebe Azime , Tadesse Destaw Belay , Dietrich Klakow , Philipp Slusallek , Anshuman Chhabra

This study introduces a comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate the performance of large language models (LLMs) in understanding and processing cultural knowledge, with a specific focus on Hakka culture as a case study. Leveraging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Chen-Chi Chang , Ching-Yuan Chen , Hung-Shin Lee , Chih-Cheng Lee