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Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced tool-augmented agents, enabling autonomous reasoning via API interactions. However, executing multi-step tasks within massive tool libraries remains challenging due to two critical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Rongzhe Wei , Ge Shi , Min Cheng , Na Zhang , Pan Li , Sarthak Ghosh , Vaibhav Gorde , Leman Akoglu

Error attribution in Large Language Model (LLM) multi-agent systems presents a significant challenge in debugging and improving collaborative AI systems. Current approaches to pinpointing agent and step level failures in interaction traces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Adi Banerjee , Anirudh Nair , Tarik Borogovac

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly serving as autonomous agents, and their utilization of external tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is considered a future trend. Current MCP evaluation sets suffer from issues such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Wenrui Liu , Zixiang Liu , Elsie Dai , Wenhan Yu , Lei Yu , Tong Yang , Jinjun Han , Hong Gao

Unlike traditional automation tools or static LLM-based systems, agents combine decision-making and tool utilization to accomplish complex tasks, showing great potential in software engineering. However, existing studies largely focus on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zhuowen Yin , Cuifeng Gao , Chunsong Fan , Wenzhang Yang , Yinxing Xue , Lijun Zhang

As multi-agent Large Language Model (LLM) systems scale, evaluating their emergent coordination dynamics becomes increasingly critical. However, current evaluation paradigms-focused on single agents or small, explicitly structured…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Brandon Yee , Pairie Koh

Tool learning has generated widespread interest as a vital means of interaction between Large Language Models (LLMs) and the physical world. Current research predominantly emphasizes LLMs' capacity to utilize tools in well-structured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Junjie Ye , Yilong Wu , Songyang Gao , Caishuang Huang , Sixian Li , Guanyu Li , Xiaoran Fan , Qi Zhang , Tao Gui , Xuanjing Huang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is emerging as a standard interface through which large language model (LLM) agents discover and invoke external tools. However, existing MCP evaluations fall short along three key axes: realistic multi-step…

In this paper, we introduce ECom-Bench, the first benchmark framework for evaluating LLM agent with multimodal capabilities in the e-commerce customer support domain. ECom-Bench features dynamic user simulation based on persona information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Haoxin Wang , Xianhan Peng , Xucheng Huang , Yizhe Huang , Ming Gong , Chenghan Yang , Yang Liu , Ling Jiang

By providing a standardized interface for LLM agents to interact with external tools, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is quickly becoming a cornerstone of the modern autonomous agent ecosystem. However, it creates novel attack surfaces due…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Zhiqiang Wang , Yichao Gao , Yanting Wang , Suyuan Liu , Haifeng Sun , Haoran Cheng , Guanquan Shi , Haohua Du , Xiangyang Li

Evolutionary multitasking (EMT) has emerged as a popular topic of evolutionary computation over the past decade. It aims to concurrently address multiple optimization tasks within limited computing resources, leveraging inter-task knowledge…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yanchi Li , Wenyin Gong , Tingyu Zhang , Fei Ming , Shuijia Li , Qiong Gu , Yew-Soon Ong

The rise of LLM-based agents has opened new frontiers in AI applications, yet evaluating these agents remains a complex and underdeveloped area. This survey provides an in-depth overview of the emerging field of LLM agent evaluation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Mahmoud Mohammadi , Yipeng Li , Jane Lo , Wendy Yip

The Model Context Protocol has emerged as a transformative standard for connecting large language models to external data sources and tools, rapidly gaining adoption across major AI providers and development platforms. However, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Ziyang Luo , Zhiqi Shen , Wenzhuo Yang , Zirui Zhao , Prathyusha Jwalapuram , Amrita Saha , Doyen Sahoo , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Junnan Li

Large Language Models can break through knowledge and timeliness limitations by invoking external tools within the Model Context Protocol framework to achieve automated execution of complex tasks. However, with the rapid growth of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Qingsong He , Jing Nan , Jiayu Jiao , Liangjie Tang , Xiaodong Xu , Mengmeng Sun , Qingyao Wang , Minghui Yan

Recent advanced LLM-powered agent systems have exhibited their remarkable capabilities in tackling complex, long-horizon tasks. Nevertheless, they still suffer from inherent limitations in resource efficiency, context management, and…

As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from passive text generators to active reasoning agents capable of interacting with external tools, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a key standardized framework for dynamic tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xuanqi Gao , Siyi Xie , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen

Recent improvements in large language models (LLMs) have had a dramatic effect on capabilities and productivity across many disciplines involving critical thinking and writing. The development of the model context protocol (MCP) provides a…

Enterprise systems are crucial for enhancing productivity and decision-making among employees and customers. Integrating LLM based systems into enterprise systems enables intelligent automation, personalized experiences, and efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Harsh Vishwakarma , Ankush Agarwal , Ojas Patil , Chaitanya Devaguptapu , Mahesh Chandran

Multi-agent LLM frameworks are widely used to accelerate the development of agent systems powered by large language models (LLMs). These frameworks impose distinct architectural structures that govern how agents interact, store information,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Abdelghny Orogat , Ana Rostam , Essam Mansour

Tool-using large language model (LLM) agents often face a fundamental tension between answer quality and execution cost. Fixed workflows are stable but inflexible, while free-form multi-step reasoning methods such as ReAct may improve task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Boyan Liu , Gongming Zhao , Hongli Xu

Industrial automation increasingly requires flexible control strategies that can adapt to changing tasks and environments. Agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential for such adaptive planning and execution but lack…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Niklas Jobs , Luis Miguel Vieira da Silva , Jayanth Somashekaraiah , Maximilian Weigand , David Kube , Felix Gehlhoff