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LLMs show strong performance in code generation, but their outputs lack correctness guarantees. Sample-based uncertainty estimators address this by generating multiple candidate programs and measuring their disagreement. However, existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Weilin He , Arindam Sharma , Cristina David

Large language models (LLMs) have a wealth of knowledge that allows them to excel in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Current research focuses on enhancing their performance within their existing knowledge. Despite their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Zhangyue Yin , Qiushi Sun , Qipeng Guo , Jiawen Wu , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in many real-world applications. Nonetheless, LLMs are often criticized for their tendency to produce hallucinations, wherein the models fabricate incorrect statements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Qinggang Zhang , Junnan Dong , Hao Chen , Daochen Zha , Zailiang Yu , Xiao Huang

The development of highly fluent large language models (LLMs) has prompted increased interest in assessing their reasoning and problem-solving capabilities. We investigate whether several LLMs can solve a classic type of deductive reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Spencer M. Seals , Valerie L. Shalin

Knowledge retrieval with multi-modal queries plays a crucial role in supporting knowledge-intensive multi-modal applications. However, existing methods face challenges in terms of their effectiveness and training efficiency, especially when…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Xinwei Long , Jiali Zeng , Fandong Meng , Zhiyuan Ma , Kaiyan Zhang , Bowen Zhou , Jie Zhou

Despite demonstrating impressive capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) still often struggle to accurately express the factual knowledge they possess, especially in cases where the LLMs' knowledge boundaries are ambiguous. To improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Boyang Xue , Fei Mi , Qi Zhu , Hongru Wang , Rui Wang , Sheng Wang , Erxin Yu , Xuming Hu , Kam-Fai Wong

Large multimodal models (LMMs) excel in adhering to human instructions. However, self-contradictory instructions may arise due to the increasing trend of multimodal interaction and context length, which is challenging for language beginners…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Jin Gao , Lei Gan , Yuankai Li , Yixin Ye , Dequan Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit emerging in-context learning abilities through prompt engineering. The recent progress in large-scale generative models has further expanded their use in real-world language applications. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Linyi Yang , Shuibai Zhang , Zhuohao Yu , Guangsheng Bao , Yidong Wang , Jindong Wang , Ruochen Xu , Wei Ye , Xing Xie , Weizhu Chen , Yue Zhang

Previous work has showcased the intriguing capability of large language models (LLMs) in retrieving facts and processing context knowledge. However, only limited research exists on the layer-wise capability of LLMs to encode knowledge,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Tianjie Ju , Weiwei Sun , Wei Du , Xinwei Yuan , Zhaochun Ren , Gongshen Liu

We study the feasibility of identifying epistemic uncertainty (reflecting a lack of knowledge), as opposed to aleatoric uncertainty (reflecting entropy in the underlying distribution), in the outputs of large language models (LLMs) over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Gustaf Ahdritz , Tian Qin , Nikhil Vyas , Boaz Barak , Benjamin L. Edelman

Large Language Models (LLMs) are versatile, yet they often falter in tasks requiring deep and reliable reasoning due to issues like hallucinations, limiting their applicability in critical scenarios. This paper introduces a rigorously…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Saizhuo Wang , Zhihan Liu , Zhaoran Wang , Jian Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) internalize vast world knowledge as parametric memory, yet inevitably inherit the staleness and errors of their source corpora. Consequently, ensuring the reliability and malleability of these internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Xiaojie Gu , Ziying Huang , Weicong Hong , Jian Xie , Renze Lou , Kai Zhang

Although large language models (LLMs) store vast amount of knowledge in their parameters, they still have limitations in the memorization and utilization of certain knowledge, leading to undesired behaviors such as generating untruthful and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Moxin Li , Yong Zhao , Wenxuan Zhang , Shuaiyi Li , Wenya Xie , See-Kiong Ng , Tat-Seng Chua , Yang Deng

Integrating large language models (LLMs) with knowledge graphs derived from domain-specific data represents an important advancement towards more powerful and factual reasoning. As these models grow more capable, it is crucial to enable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Stefan Dernbach , Khushbu Agarwal , Alejandro Zuniga , Michael Henry , Sutanay Choudhury

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often used as automated judges to evaluate text, but their effectiveness can be hindered by various unintentional biases. We propose using linear classifying probes, trained by leveraging differences between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Sharan Maiya , Yinhong Liu , Ramit Debnath , Anna Korhonen

Large language models (LLMs) sometimes demonstrate poor performance on knowledge-intensive tasks, commonsense reasoning is one of them. Researchers typically address these issues by retrieving related knowledge from knowledge graphs or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jiachun Li , Pengfei Cao , Chenhao Wang , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Xiaojian Jiang , Jiexin Xu , Jun Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) often need to balance their internal parametric knowledge with external information, such as user beliefs and content from retrieved documents, in real-world scenarios like RAG or chat-based systems. A model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Shuowei Li , Haoxin Li , Wenda Chu , Yi Fang

Language Models (LMs) may acquire harmful knowledge, and yet feign ignorance of these topics when under audit. Inspired by the recent discovery of deception-related behaviour patterns in LMs, we aim to train classifiers that detect when a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Dhananjay Ashok , Ruth-Ann Armstrong , Jonathan May

One of the major aspects contributing to the striking performance of large language models (LLMs) is the vast amount of factual knowledge accumulated during pre-training. Yet, many LLMs suffer from self-inconsistency, which raises doubts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Anastasiia Sedova , Robert Litschko , Diego Frassinelli , Benjamin Roth , Barbara Plank

Knowledge is fundamental to the overall capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). The knowledge paradigm of a model, which dictates how it encodes and utilizes knowledge, significantly affects its performance. Despite the continuous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Xiaotian Ye , Mengqi Zhang , Shu Wu
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