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Finetuning language agents with reasoning-action trajectories is effective, but obtaining these trajectories from human annotations or stronger models is costly and sometimes impractical. In this paper, we investigate the use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Zi-Yi Dou , Cheng-Fu Yang , Xueqing Wu , Kai-Wei Chang , Nanyun Peng

This paper presents first successful steps in designing search agents that learn meta-strategies for iterative query refinement in information-seeking tasks. Our approach uses machine reading to guide the selection of refinement terms from…

Search agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in tackling knowledge-intensive tasks. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training these agents to perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Shiyu Li , Yang Tang , Yifan Wang , Peiming Li , Xi Chen

Large language models (LLMs) excel at knowledge-intensive question answering and reasoning, yet their real-world deployment remains constrained by knowledge cutoff, hallucination, and limited interaction modalities. Augmenting LLMs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Daocheng Fu , Jianbiao Mei , Licheng Wen , Xuemeng Yang , Cheng Yang , Rong Wu , Tao Hu , Siqi Li , Yufan Shen , Xinyu Cai , Pinlong Cai , Botian Shi , Yong Liu , Yu Qiao

Recent advances in deep-research systems have demonstrated the potential for AI agents to autonomously discover and synthesize knowledge from external sources. In this paper, we introduce WebResearcher, a novel framework for building such…

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents improve through trial-and-error, but when reward is sparse and the agent cannot discover successful action sequences, learning stagnates. This has been a notable problem in training deep RL agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-27 Evan Zheran Liu , Kelvin Guu , Panupong Pasupat , Tianlin Shi , Percy Liang

Large models are increasingly becoming autonomous agents that interact with real-world environments and use external tools to augment their static capabilities. However, most recent progress has focused on text-only large language models,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Ruiyang Zhang , Qianguo Sun , Chao Song , Yiyan Qi , Zhedong Zheng

With the continuous development of machine learning technology, major e-commerce platforms have launched recommendation systems based on it to serve a large number of customers with different needs more efficiently. Compared with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Yang Yu , Zhenhao Gu , Rong Tao , Jingtian Ge , Kenglun Chang

Transcending human cognitive limitations represents a critical frontier in LLM training. Proprietary agentic systems like DeepResearch have demonstrated superhuman capabilities on extremely complex information-seeking benchmarks such as…

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly used to interact with external environments (e.g., games, compilers, APIs) as goal-driven agents. However, it remains challenging for these language agents to quickly and efficiently learn…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Noah Shinn , Federico Cassano , Edward Berman , Ashwin Gopinath , Karthik Narasimhan , Shunyu Yao

Transcending human cognitive limitations represents a critical frontier in LLM training. Proprietary agentic systems like DeepResearch have demonstrated superhuman capabilities on extremely complex information-seeking benchmarks such as…

Large Language Models (LLMs) equipped with web search capabilities have demonstrated impressive potential for deep research tasks. However, current approaches predominantly rely on either manually engineered prompts (prompt…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Yuxiang Zheng , Dayuan Fu , Xiangkun Hu , Xiaojie Cai , Lyumanshan Ye , Pengrui Lu , Pengfei Liu

Web agents such as Deep Research have demonstrated superhuman cognitive abilities, capable of solving highly challenging information-seeking problems. However, most research remains primarily text-centric, overlooking visual information in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Xinyu Geng , Peng Xia , Zhen Zhang , Xinyu Wang , Qiuchen Wang , Ruixue Ding , Chenxi Wang , Jialong Wu , Yida Zhao , Kuan Li , Yong Jiang , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou

Addressing intricate real-world problems necessitates in-depth information seeking and multi-step reasoning. Recent progress in agentic systems, exemplified by Deep Research, underscores the potential for autonomous multi-step research. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Jialong Wu , Baixuan Li , Runnan Fang , Wenbiao Yin , Liwen Zhang , Zhengwei Tao , Dingchu Zhang , Zekun Xi , Gang Fu , Yong Jiang , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou

The popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) have unleashed a new age ofLanguage Agents for solving a diverse range of tasks. While contemporary frontier LLMs are capable enough to power reasonably good Language agents, the closed-API…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Priyanshu Gupta , Shashank Kirtania , Ananya Singha , Sumit Gulwani , Arjun Radhakrishna , Sherry Shi , Gustavo Soares

Standard reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) agents typically optimizes extrinsic rewards, prioritizing isolated task completion over continual adaptation. Consequently, agents often converge to suboptimal policies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xiaoying Zhang , Zichen Liu , Yipeng Zhang , Xia Hu , Wenqi Shao

User queries in e-commerce search are often vague, short, and underspecified, making it difficult for retrieval systems to match them accurately against structured product catalogs. This challenge is amplified by the one-to-many nature of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Yipeng Zhang , Bowen Liu , Xiaoshuang Zhang , Aritra Mandal , Canran Xu , Zhe Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) agents are increasingly pivotal for addressing complex tasks in interactive environments. Existing work mainly focuses on enhancing performance through behavior cloning from stronger experts, yet such approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Siyu Yuan , Zehui Chen , Zhiheng Xi , Junjie Ye , Zhengyin Du , Jiecao Chen

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have emerged as a transformative approach for open-ended problem solving, with information seeking (IS) being a core capability that enables autonomous reasoning and decision-making. While prior…

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) are usually trained with supervised imitation or coarse-grained reinforcement learning that optimizes single tool calls. Current self-reflection practices rely on heuristic prompts or one-way…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Junhao Su , Yuanliang Wan , Junwei Yang , Hengyu Shi , Tianyang Han , Junfeng Luo , Yurui Qiu
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