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Securing the near-real-time (near-RT) control operations in Open Radio Access Networks (Open RAN) is increasingly critical, yet remains insufficiently addressed, as new runtime threats target the control loop while the system is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Hamed Alimohammadi , Samara Mayhoub , Sotiris Chatzimiltis , Mohammad Shojafar , Muhammad Nasir Mumtaz Bhutta

The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture enables a flexible, vendor-neutral deployment of 5G networks by disaggregating base station components and supporting third-party xApps for near real-time RAN control. However, the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Pragya Sharma , Shihua Sun , Shachi Deshpande , Angelos Stavrou , Haining Wang

The open radio access network (O-RAN) architecture introduces RAN intelligent controllers (RICs) to facilitate the management and optimization of the disaggregated RAN. Reinforcement learning (RL) and its advanced form, deep RL (DRL), are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Mohammadreza Kouchaki , Aly Sabri Abdalla , Vuk Marojevic

The open radio access network (O-RAN) enables modular, intelligent, and programmable 5G network architectures through the adoption of software-defined networking, network function virtualization, and implementation of standardized open…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Md Habibur Rahman , Md Sharif Hossen , Nathan H. Stephenson , Vijay K. Shah , Aloizio Da Silva

User demand on network communication infrastructure has never been greater with applications such as extended reality, holographic telepresence, and wireless brain-computer interfaces challenging current networking capabilities. Open RAN…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Noe Yungaicela-Naula , Vishal Sharma , Sandra Scott-Hayward

The Open Radio Access Network (RAN) is a networking paradigm that builds on top of cloud-based, multi-vendor, open and intelligent architectures to shape the next generation of cellular networks for 5G and beyond. While this new paradigm…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Joshua Groen , Salvatore DOro , Utku Demir , Leonardo Bonati , Michele Polese , Tommaso Melodia , Kaushik Chowdhury

The transition toward softwarized Radio Access Networks (RANs), driven by the Open RAN (O-RAN) paradigm, enables flexible, vendor-neutral deployments through disaggregation and virtualization of base station functions. However, this shift…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Francisco Crespo , Javier Villegas , Carlos Baena , Eduardo Baena , Sergio Fortes , Raquel Barco

5G and beyond mobile telecommunication networks are increasingly embracing software technologies in their operation and control, similar to what has powered the growth of the cloud. This is most recently seen in the radio access network…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Philip Rodgers , Paul Harvey

Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture provides an intrinsic capability to exploit key performance monitoring (KPM) within Radio Intelligence Controller (RIC) to derive network optimisation through xApps. These xApps can leverage…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Mohammed M. H. Qazzaz , Abdelaziz Salama , Maryam Hafeez , Syed A. R. Zaidi

Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) is a major advancement in the telecommunications field, providing standardized interfaces that promote interoperability between different vendors' technologies, thereby enhancing network flexibility and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Lujia Liang , Lei Zhang

Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) along with artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud and edge networking, and virtualization are important enablers for designing flexible and software-driven programmable wireless networks. In…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-01 Ali Fuat Sahin , Onur Salan , Ibrahim Hokelek , Ali Gorcin

Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN) enable the disaggregation of radio access functions and the deployment of control applications across different timescales. However, designing interoperable control schemes that jointly exploit long-term…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Anastasios Giannopoulos , Sotirios Spantideas , Maria Lamprini Bartsioka , Panagiotis Trakadas

Open RAN enables third-party xApps and rApps to be onboarded and updated at operational cadence, creating a software supply chain that spans developers, CI systems, registries, onboarding pipelines, and runtime enforcement points. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Chun Yin Chiu

The Radio Access Network (RAN) is a critical component of modern telecommunications infrastructure, currently evolving towards disaggregated and open architectures. These advancements are pivotal for integrating intelligent, data-driven…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Abdelrahim Ahmad , Peizheng Li , Robert Piechocki , Rui Inacio

Open Radio Access Network (RAN) is a transformative paradigm that supports openness, interoperability, and intelligence, with the O-RAN architecture being the most recognized framework in academia and industry. In the context of Open RAN,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-24 Qiao Wang , Swarna Chetty , Ahmed Al-Tahmeesschi , Xuanyu Liang , Yi Chu , Hamed Ahmadi

The evolution of wireless communication systems will be fundamentally impacted by an open radio access network (O-RAN), a new concept defining an intelligent architecture with enhanced flexibility, openness, and the ability to slice…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Mojdeh Karbalaee Motalleb , Chafika Benzaid , Tarik Taleb , Marcos Katz , Vahid Shah-Mansouri , JaeSeung Song

The open radio access network (O-RAN) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) hosts data-driven xApps and rApps to optimize network performance. However, two challenges hinder ML-driven xApp/rApp development: (i) key performance metric (KPM) data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Md Sharif Hossen , Zifan Zhang , Dara Ron , Yuchen Liu , Vijay K. Shah

The Open Radio Access Network (RAN) and its embodiment through the O-RAN Alliance specifications are poised to revolutionize the telecom ecosystem. O-RAN promotes virtualized RANs where disaggregated components are connected via open…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Michele Polese , Leonardo Bonati , Salvatore D'Oro , Stefano Basagni , Tommaso Melodia

Recently, the concept of open radio access network (O-RAN) has been proposed, which aims to adopt intelligence and openness in the next generation radio access networks (RAN). It provides standardized interfaces and the ability to host…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Han Zhang , Hao Zhou , Melike Erol-Kantarci

The Open-Radio Access Network (O-RAN) integrates numerous software components in a cloud-like deployment, opening the radio access network to previously unconsidered security threats. With the ever-evolving threat landscape, integrating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Felix Klement , Alessandro Brighente , Michele Polese , Mauro Conti , Stefan Katzenbeisser