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Comparisons of different treatments or production processes are the goals of a significant fraction of applied research. Unsurprisingly, two-sample problems play a main role in Statistics through natural questions such as `Is the the new…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-09-05 P. C. Álvarez-Esteban , E. del Barrio , J. A. Cuesta-Albertos , C. Matrán

Large-scale simultaneous hypothesis testing appears in many areas such as microarray studies, genome-wide association studies, brain imaging, disease mapping and astronomical surveys. A well-known inference method is to control the false…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-22 Xiaoqing Niu , Pengfei Li , Yuejiao Fu

We propose a new statistical hypothesis testing framework which decides visually, using confidence intervals, whether the means of two samples are equal or if one is larger than the other. With our method, the user can at the same time…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-06 Timothée Mathieu

We provide a distribution-free test that can be used to determine whether any two joint distributions $p$ and $q$ are statistically different by inspection of a large enough set of samples. Following recent efforts from Long et al. [1], we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-07-26 Francesco Solera , Andrea Palazzi

We propose a hypothesis test that allows for many tested restrictions in a heteroskedastic linear regression model. The test compares the conventional F statistic to a critical value that corrects for many restrictions and conditional…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-01-24 Stanislav Anatolyev , Mikkel Sølvsten

I introduce a simple permutation procedure to test conventional (non-sharp) hypotheses about the effect of a binary treatment in the presence of a finite number of large, heterogeneous clusters when the treatment effect is identified by…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-02-08 Andreas Hagemann

In medical device comparison studies, equivalency test is commonly used to demonstrate two measurement methods agree up to a pre-specified performance goal based on the paired repeated measures. Such equivalency test often involves…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-22 Yun Bai , Zengri Wang , Theodore Lystig , Baolin Wu

Randomly censored survival data are frequently encountered in applied sciences including biomedical or reliability applications and clinical trial analyses. Testing the significance of statistical hypotheses is crucial in such analyses to…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-08 Abhik Ghosh , Ayanendranath Basu , Leandro Pardo

Self-testing refers to a method with which a classical user can certify the state and measurements of quantum systems in a device-independent way. Especially, the self-testing of entangled states is of great importance in quantum…

The problem of testing mutually exclusive hypotheses with dependent test statistics is considered. Bayesian and frequentist approaches to multiplicity control are studied and compared to help gain understanding as to the effect of test…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-11-21 Sean Chang , James O. Berger

We consider clinical trials with multiple, overlapping patient populations, that test multiple treatment policies specifically tailored to these populations. Such designs may lead to multiplicity issues, as false statements will affect…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-13 Remi Luschei , Werner Brannath

The quantum state overlap is the textbook measure of the difference between two quantum states. Yet, it is inadequate to compare the complex configurations of many-body systems. The problem is inherited by the widely employed quantum state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-03 Davide Girolami , Fabio Anzà

Categorical variables are of uttermost importance in biomedical research. When two of them are considered, it is often the case that one wants to test whether or not they are statistically dependent. We show weaknesses of classical methods…

Nonparametric two sample testing deals with the question of consistently deciding if two distributions are different, given samples from both, without making any parametric assumptions about the form of the distributions. The current…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-11-25 Aaditya Ramdas , Sashank J. Reddi , Barnabas Poczos , Aarti Singh , Larry Wasserman

Broadening eligibility criteria in cancer trials has been advocated to represent the true patient population more accurately. While the advantages are clear in terms of generalizability and recruitment, novel dose-finding designs are needed…

Applications · Statistics 2023-01-12 Rebecca B. Silva , Bin Cheng , Richard D. Carvajal , Shing M. Lee

I introduce a generic method for inference on entire quantile and regression quantile processes in the presence of a finite number of large and arbitrarily heterogeneous clusters. The method asymptotically controls size by generating…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-06-16 Andreas Hagemann

Gathering observational data for medical decision-making often involves uncertainties arising from both type I (false positive)and type II (false negative) errors. In this work, we develop a statistical model to study how medical…

Applications · Statistics 2025-10-21 Lucas Böttcher , Maria R. D'Orsogna , Tom Chou

We develop a collection of methods for adjusting the predictions of quantile regression to ensure coverage. Our methods are model agnostic and can be used to correct for high-dimensional overfitting bias with only minimal assumptions.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-10 Isaac Gibbs , John J. Cherian , Emmanuel J. Candès

Quantum entanglement is essential to the development of quantum computation, communications, and technology. The controlled SWAP test, widely used for state comparison, can be adapted to an efficient and useful test for entanglement of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-12 Steph Foulds , Viv Kendon , Tim Spiller

Estimating the prevalence of a disease is necessary for evaluating and mitigating risks of its transmission within or between populations. Estimates that consider how prevalence changes with time provide more information about these risks…

Applications · Statistics 2021-11-12 Braden Scherting , Alison Peel , Raina Plowright , Andrew Hoegh