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Preference alignment is an essential step in adapting large language models (LLMs) to human values, but existing approaches typically depend on costly human annotations or large-scale API-based models. We explore whether a weak LLM can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Amirabbas Afzali , Myeongho Jeon , Maria Brbic

Uncertainty estimation (UE) aims to detect hallucinated outputs of large language models (LLMs) to improve their reliability. However, UE metrics often exhibit unstable performance across configurations, which significantly limits their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Ponhvoan Srey , Quang Minh Nguyen , Xiaobao Wu , Anh Tuan Luu

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to code-related tasks, a central question emerges: Do LLMs truly understand program semantics? We introduce EquiBench, a new benchmark for evaluating LLMs through equivalence checking, i.e.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Anjiang Wei , Jiannan Cao , Ran Li , Hongyu Chen , Yuhui Zhang , Ziheng Wang , Yuan Liu , Thiago S. F. X. Teixeira , Diyi Yang , Ke Wang , Alex Aiken

This paper introduces a novel task to assess the faithfulness of large language models (LLMs) using local perturbations and self-explanations. Many LLMs often require additional context to answer certain questions correctly. For this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Christos Fragkathoulas , Odysseas S. Chlapanis

Political misinformation poses significant challenges to democratic processes, shaping public opinion and trust in media. Manual fact-checking methods face issues of scalability and annotator bias, while machine learning models require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Veronica Chatrath , Marcelo Lotif , Shaina Raza

Language Models (LMs) have shown promising performance in natural language generation. However, as LMs often generate incorrect or hallucinated responses, it is crucial to correctly quantify their uncertainty in responding to given inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Xinmeng Huang , Shuo Li , Mengxin Yu , Matteo Sesia , Hamed Hassani , Insup Lee , Osbert Bastani , Edgar Dobriban

Instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at many tasks and will even explain their reasoning, so-called self-explanations. However, convincing and wrong self-explanations can lead to unsupported confidence in LLMs, thus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Andreas Madsen , Sarath Chandar , Siva Reddy

Assessing the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs) by confidence elicitation is a prominent approach to AI safety in high-stakes applications, such as healthcare and finance. Existing methods either require expensive computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhaohan Zhang , Ziquan Liu , Ioannis Patras

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable adaptability, showcasing their capacity to excel in tasks for which they were not explicitly trained. However, despite their impressive natural language processing (NLP)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Supun Manathunga , Isuru Hettigoda

Advanced LLMs have achieved near-ceiling instruction-following accuracy on benchmarks such as IFEval. However, these impressive scores do not necessarily translate to reliable services in real-world use, where users often vary their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jianshuo Dong , Yutong Zhang , Yan Liu , Zhenyu Zhong , Tao Wei , Chao Zhang , Han Qiu

Large-scale semantic parsing datasets annotated with logical forms have enabled major advances in supervised approaches. But can richer supervision help even more? To explore the utility of fine-grained, lexical-level supervision, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Tianze Shi , Chen Zhao , Jordan Boyd-Graber , Hal Daumé , Lillian Lee

Calibration, the alignment between model confidence and prediction accuracy, is critical for the reliable deployment of large language models (LLMs). Existing works neglect to measure the generalization of their methods to other prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Yuxi Xia , Pedro Henrique Luz de Araujo , Klim Zaporojets , Benjamin Roth

Calibration measures whether a model's predicted confidence aligns with its empirical accuracy, and is central to the reliable deployment of large language models (LLMs) in high-stakes domains such as medicine and law. While much recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhanliang Wang , Jiancong Xiao , Ruochen Jin , Shu Yang , Bojian Hou , Li Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated annotators to scale dataset creation, yet their reliability as unbiased annotators--especially for low-resource and identity-sensitive settings--remains poorly understood. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Md. Najib Hasan , Touseef Hasan , Souvika Sarkar

Uncertainty quantification is essential for assessing the reliability and trustworthiness of modern AI systems. Among existing approaches, verbalized uncertainty, where models express their confidence through natural language, has emerged…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Weihao Xuan , Qingcheng Zeng , Heli Qi , Junjue Wang , Naoto Yokoya

Despite the rapid expansion of Large Language Models (LLMs) in healthcare, robust and explainable evaluation of their ability to assess clinical trial reporting according to CONSORT standards remains an open challenge. In particular,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Sohyeon Jeon , Hyung-Chul Lee

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems now reach near human agreement on some public benchmarks, yet real-world adoption, especially in high-stakes examinations, remains limited. A principal obstacle is that most models output a single score…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ahmed Karim , Qiao Wang , Zheng Yuan

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly prevalent in our daily lives, leading to an expectation for LLMs to be trustworthy -- - both accurate and well-calibrated (the prediction confidence should align with its ground truth…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 KaShun Shum , Minrui Xu , Jianshu Zhang , Zixin Chen , Shizhe Diao , Hanze Dong , Jipeng Zhang , Muhammad Omer Raza

Confidence calibration assumes a unique ground-truth label per input, yet this assumption fails wherever annotators genuinely disagree. Post-hoc calibrators fitted on majority-voted labels, the standard single-label targets used in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Linwei Tao , Haoyang Luo , Minjing Dong , Chang Xu

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to perform zero-shot classification makes them viable solutions for data annotation in rapidly evolving domains where quality labeled data is often scarce and costly to obtain. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 David Farr , Nico Manzonelli , Iain Cruickshank , Kate Starbird , Jevin West