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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection and segmentation are crucial for deploying machine learning models in safety-critical applications such as autonomous driving and robot-assisted surgery. While prior research has primarily focused on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Moru Liu , Hao Dong , Jessica Kelly , Olga Fink , Mario Trapp

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is vital to safety-critical machine learning applications and has thus been extensively studied, with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. However, the field currently lacks a unified,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Jingkang Yang , Pengyun Wang , Dejian Zou , Zitang Zhou , Kunyuan Ding , Wenxuan Peng , Haoqi Wang , Guangyao Chen , Bo Li , Yiyou Sun , Xuefeng Du , Kaiyang Zhou , Wayne Zhang , Dan Hendrycks , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is concerned with identifying data points that do not belong to the same distribution as the model's training data. For the safe deployment of predictive models in a real-world environment, it is critical…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Zaharah Bukhsh , Aaqib Saeed

Methods for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection that scale to 3D data are crucial components of any real-world clinical deep learning system. Classic denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs) have been recently proposed as a robust…

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a critical safeguard for deploying machine learning models in the real world. However, most post-hoc detection methods operate on penultimate feature representations derived from global average…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Abid Hassan , Tuan Ngo , Saad Shafiq , Nenad Medvidovic

Data outside the problem domain poses significant threats to the security of AI-based intelligent systems. Aiming to investigate the data domain and out-of-distribution (OOD) data in AI quality management (AIQM) study, this paper proposes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Tinghui Ouyang , Isao Echizen , Yoshiki Seo

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection helps models identify data outside the training categories, crucial for security applications. While feature-based post-hoc methods address this by evaluating data differences in the feature space without…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Yingsheng Wang , Shuo Lu , Jian Liang , Aihua Zheng , Ran He

Deep neural networks have achieved great success in classification tasks during the last years. However, one major problem to the path towards artificial intelligence is the inability of neural networks to accurately detect samples from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Aristotelis-Angelos Papadopoulos , Mohammad Reza Rajati , Nazim Shaikh , Jiamian Wang

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is a critical capability for ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in open-world environments, where unexpected or anomalous inputs can compromise model reliability and performance.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Weijun Gao , Rundong He , Jinyang Dong , Yongshun Gong

In the dynamic realms of machine learning and deep learning, the robustness and reliability of models are paramount, especially in critical real-world applications. A fundamental challenge in this sphere is managing Out-of-Distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Yingrui Ji , Yao Zhu , Zhigang Li , Jiansheng Chen , Yunlong Kong , Jingbo Chen

Current out-of-distribution (OOD) detection benchmarks are commonly built by defining one dataset as in-distribution (ID) and all others as OOD. However, these benchmarks unfortunately introduce some unwanted and impractical goals, e.g., to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Jingkang Yang , Haoqi Wang , Litong Feng , Xiaopeng Yan , Huabin Zheng , Wayne Zhang , Ziwei Liu

Despite their success, Machine Learning (ML) models do not generalize effectively to data not originating from the training distribution. To reliably employ ML models in real-world healthcare systems and avoid inaccurate predictions on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Mohammad Azizmalayeri , Ameen Abu-Hanna , Giovanni Ciná

As point cloud data increases in prevalence in a variety of applications, the ability to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) point cloud objects becomes critical for ensuring model safety and reliability. However, this problem remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Adam Goodge , Xun Xu , Bryan Hooi , Wee Siong Ng , Jingyi Liao , Yongyi Su , Xulei Yang

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential in real-world applications, which has attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, most existing OOD detection methods require many labeled In-Distribution (ID) data, causing a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Yi-Xuan Sun , Wei Wang

This paper introduces a novel approach to securing machine learning model deployments against potential distribution shifts in practical applications, the Total Variation Out-of-Distribution (TV-OOD) detection method. Existing methods have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Dabiao Ma , Zhiba Su , Jian Yang , Haojun Fei

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a key role in enhancing the robustness of artificial intelligence systems by identifying inputs that differ significantly from the training distribution, thereby preventing unreliable predictions…

In this paper, we tackle the detection of out-of-distribution (OOD) objects in semantic segmentation. By analyzing the literature, we found that current methods are either accurate or fast but not both which limits their usability in real…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Victor Besnier , Andrei Bursuc , David Picard , Alexandre Briot

Recent research underscores the pivotal role of the Out-of-Distribution (OOD) feature representation field scale in determining the efficacy of models in OOD detection. Consequently, the adoption of model ensembles has emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Chenhui Xu , Fuxun Yu , Zirui Xu , Nathan Inkawhich , Xiang Chen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify inputs that differ from the training distribution in order to reduce unreliable predictions by deep neural networks. Among post-hoc feature-space approaches, OOD detection is commonly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Mohamed Bahi Yahiaoui , Geoffrey Daniel , Loïc Giraldi , Jérémie Bruyelle , Julyan Arbel

Deep neural networks (DNNs), especially convolutional neural networks, have achieved superior performance on image classification tasks. However, such performance is only guaranteed if the input to a trained model is similar to the training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Liang Liang , Linhai Ma , Linchen Qian , Jiasong Chen
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