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When users seek social support from chatbots, they disclose their situation gradually, yet most evaluations of supportive LLMs rely on single-turn, fully specified prompts. We introduce a multi-turn simulation framework that closes this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Michelle Star , Andrew Aquilina , Yu-Ru Lin

Evaluation is crucial in the development process of task-oriented dialogue systems. As an evaluation method, user simulation allows us to tackle issues such as scalability and cost-efficiency, making it a viable choice for large-scale…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Weiwei Sun , Shuo Zhang , Krisztian Balog , Zhaochun Ren , Pengjie Ren , Zhumin Chen , Maarten de Rijke

Objective: This paper introduces a patient simulator for scalable, automated evaluation of healthcare conversational agents, generating realistic, controllable interactions that systematically vary across medical, linguistic, and behavioral…

Having an intelligent dialogue agent that can engage in conversational question answering (ConvQA) is now no longer limited to Sci-Fi movies only and has, in fact, turned into a reality. These intelligent agents are required to understand…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Munazza Zaib , Quan Z. Sheng , Wei Emma Zhang , Adnan Mahmood

AI is promising in assisting UX evaluators with analyzing usability tests, but its judgments are typically presented as non-interactive visualizations. Evaluators may have questions about test recordings, but have no way of asking them.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Emily Kuang , Ehsan Jahangirzadeh Soure , Mingming Fan , Jian Zhao , Kristen Shinohara

Young people's mental well-being is a global concern, with peer support playing a key role in daily emotional regulation. Conversational agents are increasingly viewed as promising tools for delivering accessible, personalised peer support,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Ruoyu Wen , Xiaoli Wu , Kunal Gupta , Simon Hoermann , Mark Billinghurst , Alaeddin Nassani , Dwain Allan , Thammathip Piumsomboon

Intelligent agents that are confronted with novel concepts in situated environments will need to ask their human teammates questions to learn about the physical world. To better understand this problem, we need data about asking questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Felix Gervits , Antonio Roque , Gordon Briggs , Matthias Scheutz , Matthew Marge

Despite growing attention to LLM sycophancy from researchers and developers, users' own experiences of this behavior remain underexplored. We examine how everyday users experience AI sycophancy through Reddit discussions. Using our ODR…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Kazi Noshin , Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed , Sharifa Sultana

Conversational Recommender Systems (CRSs)aim to engage users in dialogue to provide tailored recommendations. While traditional CRSs focus on eliciting preferences and retrieving items, real-world e-commerce interactions involve more…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Tongyoung Kim , Jeongeun Lee , Soojin Yoon , Sunghwan Kim , Dongha Lee

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly capable of autonomous decision-making, they introduce new challenges and opportunities for human-AI cooperation in mixed-motive contexts. While prior research has primarily examined AI in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Guanxuan Jiang , Shirao Yang , Yuyang Wang , Pan Hui

Language models are increasingly being deployed for conversational support in informal caregiving contexts, where interactions often extend beyond information-seeking: caregivers seek emotional reassurance, guidance, and help, while…

Language understanding (LU) and dialogue policy learning are two essential components in conversational systems. Human-human dialogues are not well-controlled and often random and unpredictable due to their own goals and speaking habits.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Ta-Chung Chi , Po-Chun Chen , Shang-Yu Su , Yun-Nung Chen

As voice assistants (VAs) become increasingly integrated into daily life, the need for emotion-aware systems that can recognize and respond appropriately to user emotions has grown. While significant progress has been made in speech emotion…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Yong Ma , Yuchong Zhang , Di Fu , Stephanie Zubicueta Portales , Danica Kragic , Morten Fjeld

Proactive task-oriented dialogue (TOD), such as outbound sales, demands a persuasive agent that actively probes the user's concerns and steers the conversation toward acceptance within a bounded number of turns. Yet post-trained LLMs are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Hongbin Zhang , Ning Gao , Yuqin Dai , Ruiyuan Wu , Jinpeng Wang , Rena Wei Gao , Bingdong Tan , Shuzheng Gao , Zongjie Li , Chaozheng Wang

Embodied agents designed to assist users with tasks must engage in natural language interactions, interpret instructions, execute actions, and communicate effectively to resolve issues. However, collecting large-scale, diverse datasets of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Daniel Philipov , Vardhan Dongre , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani-Tür

User Simulators are one of the major tools that enable offline training of task-oriented dialogue systems. For this task the Agenda-Based User Simulator (ABUS) is often used. The ABUS is based on hand-crafted rules and its output is in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-21 Florian Kreyssig , Inigo Casanueva , Pawel Budzianowski , Milica Gasic

In oral arguments, judges probe attorneys with questions about the factual record, legal claims, and the strength of their arguments. To prepare for this questioning, both law schools and practicing attorneys rely on moot courts: practice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Kylie Zhang , Nimra Nadeem , Lucia Zheng , Dominik Stammbach , Peter Henderson

Existing user simulators (USs) for task-oriented dialogue systems only model user behaviour on semantic and natural language levels without considering the user persona and emotions. Optimising dialogue systems with generic user policies,…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for emotional support and mental health-related interactions outside clinical settings, yet little is known about how people evaluate and relate to these systems in everyday use. We analyze…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Elham Aghakhani , Rezvaneh Rezapour

Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) are increasingly more realistic and capable of dynamic conversations. In online surveys, anthropomorphic agents could help address issues like careless responding and satisficing, which originate from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Matus Krajcovic , Peter Demcak , Eduard Kuric
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