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While large neural-based conversational models have become increasingly proficient dialogue agents, recent work has highlighted safety issues with these systems. For example, these systems can be goaded into generating toxic content, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Nicholas Meade , Spandana Gella , Devamanyu Hazarika , Prakhar Gupta , Di Jin , Siva Reddy , Yang Liu , Dilek Hakkani-Tür

Background: The increasing deployment of Conversational Artificial Intelligence (CAI) in mental health interventions necessitates an evaluation of their efficacy in rectifying cognitive biases and recognizing affect in human-AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Marcin Rządeczka , Anna Sterna , Julia Stolińska , Paulina Kaczyńska , Marcin Moskalewicz

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) in diverse applications requires a thorough understanding of their decision-making strategies and behavioral patterns. As a supplement to a recent study on the behavioral Turing test, this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yutong Xie , Yiyao Liu , Zhuang Ma , Lin Shi , Xiyuan Wang , Walter Yuan , Matthew O. Jackson , Qiaozhu Mei

Demand for mental health support through AI chatbots is surging, though current systems present several limitations, like sycophancy or overvalidation, and reinforcement of maladaptive beliefs. A core obstacle to the creation of better…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 José Pombal , Maya D'Eon , Nuno M. Guerreiro , Pedro Henrique Martins , António Farinhas , Ricardo Rei

Despite significant advancements in conversational AI, large language model (LLM)-powered chatbots often struggle with personalizing their responses according to individual user characteristics, such as technical expertise, learning style,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Shahaf David , Yair Meidan , Ido Hersko , Daniel Varnovitzky , Dudu Mimran , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai

Non-task-oriented dialog models suffer from poor quality and non-diverse responses. To overcome limited conversational data, we apply Simulated Multiple Reference Training (SMRT; Khayrallah et al., 2020), and use a paraphraser to simulate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Huda Khayrallah , João Sedoc

This paper investigates how hallucination rates in Large Language Models (LLMs) may be controlled via a symbolic data generation framework, exploring a fundamental relationship between the rate of certain mathematical errors and types of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Jordan Meadows , Marco Valentino , Andre Freitas

Recent research has shown that hallucinations, omissions, and biases are prevalent in everyday use-cases of LLMs. However, chatbots used in medical contexts must provide consistent advice in situations where non-medical factors are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jonathan Liu , Haoling Qiu , Jonathan Lasko , Damianos Karakos , Mahsa Yarmohammadi , Mark Dredze

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved a degree of success in generating coherent and contextually relevant text, yet they remain prone to a significant challenge known as hallucination: producing information that is not substantiated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ray Li , Tanishka Bagade , Kevin Martinez , Flora Yasmin , Grant Ayala , Michael Lam , Kevin Zhu

The study illustrates a first step towards an ongoing work aimed at developing a dataset of dialogues potentially useful for customer service conversation management between humans and AI chatbots. The approach exploits ChatGPT 3.5 to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Alfredo Cuzzocrea , Giovanni Pilato , Pablo Garcia Bringas

As we build towards developing interactive systems that can recognize human emotional states and respond to individual needs more intuitively and empathetically in more personalized and context-aware computing time. This is especially…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Rahul Islam , Sang Won Bae

As large language models (LLMs) increasingly permeate daily lives, there is a growing demand for real-time interactions that mirror human conversations. Traditional turn-based chat systems driven by LLMs prevent users from verbally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Xinrong Zhang , Yingfa Chen , Shengding Hu , Xu Han , Zihang Xu , Yuanwei Xu , Weilin Zhao , Maosong Sun , Zhiyuan Liu

There has been a growing research interest in Digital Therapeutic Alliance (DTA) as the field of AI-powered conversational agents are being deployed in mental health care, particularly those delivering CBT (Cognitive Behaviour Therapy). Our…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Shivam Shukla , Emily Chen , Mahnaz Roshanaei , Magy Seif El-Nasr

Recent Large Language Model (LLM) based AI can exhibit recognizable and measurable personality traits during conversations to improve user experience. However, as human understandings of their personality traits can be affected by their…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jingshu Li , Tianqi Song , Nattapat Boonprakong , Zicheng Zhu , Yitian Yang , Yi-Chieh Lee

Background: The adoption of chatbots into software development tasks has become increasingly popular among practitioners, driven by the advantages of cost reduction and acceleration of the software development process. Chatbots understand…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Ahmad Abdellatif , Khaled Badran , Diego Elias Costa , Emad Shihab

Pretrained language models (PLMs) trained on large-scale unlabeled corpus are typically fine-tuned on task-specific downstream datasets, which have produced state-of-the-art results on various NLP tasks. However, the data discrepancy issue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Jiali Zeng , Yufan Jiang , Shuangzhi Wu , Yongjing Yin , Mu Li

Large language models (LLMs) with memory are computationally universal. However, mainstream LLMs are not taking full advantage of memory, and the designs are heavily influenced by biological brains. Due to their approximate nature and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Chenxu Hu , Jie Fu , Chenzhuang Du , Simian Luo , Junbo Zhao , Hang Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, exhibit advanced capabilities in generating text, images, and videos. However, their effective use remains constrained by challenges in prompt formulation, personalization, and opaque…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Si Thu , A. Baki Kocaballi

Empowering chatbots in the field of mental health is receiving increasing amount of attention, while there still lacks exploration in developing and evaluating chatbots in psychiatric outpatient scenarios. In this work, we focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Siyuan Chen , Mengyue Wu , Kenny Q. Zhu , Kunyao Lan , Zhiling Zhang , Lyuchun Cui

Synthetic therapy dialogues generated by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in mental health NLP to simulate counseling scenarios, train models, and supplement limited real-world data. However, it remains unclear whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Xiaoyi Wang , Jiwei Zhang , Guangtao Zhang , Honglei Guo