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Game-theoretic inverse learning is the problem of inferring a player's objectives from their actions. We formulate an inverse learning problem in a Stackelberg game between a leader and a follower, where each player's action is the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-15 William Ward , Yue Yu , Jacob Levy , Negar Mehr , David Fridovich-Keil , Ufuk Topcu

Optimizing strategic decisions (a.k.a. computing equilibrium) is key to the success of many non-cooperative multi-agent applications. However, in many real-world situations, we may face the exact opposite of this game-theoretic problem --…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Jibang Wu , Weiran Shen , Fei Fang , Haifeng Xu

We study a continuous-time stochastic Stackelberg game in which a leader seeks to accomplish a primary objective while inferring a hidden parameter of a rational follower. The follower solves an entropy-regularized tracking problem and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-08 Ruimeng Hu , Daniel Ralston , Xu Yang , Haosheng Zhou

In many settings of interest, a policy is set by one party, the leader, in order to influence the action of another party, the follower, where the follower's response is determined by some private information. A natural question to ask is,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Michael Albert , Quinlan Dawkins , Minbiao Han , Haifeng Xu

Information uncertainty is one of the major challenges facing applications of game theory. In the context of Stackelberg games, various approaches have been proposed to deal with the leader's incomplete knowledge about the follower's…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Jiarui Gan , Haifeng Xu , Qingyu Guo , Long Tran-Thanh , Zinovi Rabinovich , Michael Wooldridge

In a Stackelberg game, a leader commits to a randomized strategy, and a follower chooses their best strategy in response. We consider an extension of a standard Stackelberg game, called a discrete-time dynamic Stackelberg game, that has an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Niklas Lauffer , Mahsa Ghasemi , Abolfazl Hashemi , Yagiz Savas , Ufuk Topcu

We study a two-player Stackelberg game with incomplete information such that the follower's strategy belongs to a known family of parameterized functions with an unknown parameter vector. We design an adaptive learning approach to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Guosong Yang , Radha Poovendran , João P. Hespanha

Stackelberg games have been widely used to model interactive decision-making problems in a variety of domains such as energy systems, transportation, cybersecurity, and human-robot interaction. However, existing algorithms for solving…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-14 Yansong Li , Shuo Han

We consider the inverse problem of dynamic games, where cost function parameters are sought which explain observed behavior of interacting players. Maximum entropy inverse reinforcement learning is extended to the N-player case in order to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-27 Jairo Inga , Esther Bischoff , Florian Köpf , Sören Hohmann

The multilevel reverse Stackelberg game is considered. In this game, the leader controls the outcome by announcing a strategy as a function of decision variables of the followers to his/her own decision space. Corresponding to the leader's…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-01 Seyfe Belete Worku , Birilew Belayneh Tsegaw , Semu Mitiku Kassa

We extend the formalism of Conjectural Variations games to Stackelberg games involving multiple leaders and a single follower. To solve these nonconvex games, a common assumption is that the leaders compute their strategies having perfect…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Francesco Morri , Hélène Le Cadre , Luce Brotcorne

We study Stackelberg equilibria in finitely repeated games, where the leader commits to a strategy that picks actions in each round and can be adaptive to the history of play (i.e. they commit to an algorithm). In particular, we study…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Natalie Collina , Eshwar Ram Arunachaleswaran , Michael Kearns

In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm to solve online Stackelberg games, featuring multiple followers, in a follower-agnostic manner. Unlike previous works, our approach works even when leader has no knowledge about the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-28 Chinmay Maheshwari , James Cheng , S. Shankar Sasty , Lillian Ratliff , Eric Mazumdar

Dynamic Stackelberg games are a broad class of two-player games in which the leader acts first, and the follower chooses a response strategy to the leader's strategy. Unfortunately, only stylized Stackelberg games are explicitly solvable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-15 Guillermo Alvarez , Ibrahim Ekren , Anastasis Kratsios , Xuwei Yang

When interacting with other decision-making agents in non-adversarial scenarios, it is critical for an autonomous agent to have inferable behavior: The agent's actions must convey their intention and strategy. We model the inferability…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Mustafa O. Karabag , Sophia Smith , Negar Mehr , David Fridovich-Keil , Ufuk Topcu

We study the problem of online learning in a two-player decentralized cooperative Stackelberg game. In each round, the leader first takes an action, followed by the follower who takes their action after observing the leader's move. The goal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Geng Zhao , Banghua Zhu , Jiantao Jiao , Michael I. Jordan

We consider the problem of efficiently learning to play single-leader multi-follower Stackelberg games when the leader lacks knowledge of the lower-level game. Such games arise in hierarchical decision-making problems involving…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Anna Maddux , Marko Maljkovic , Nikolas Geroliminis , Maryam Kamgarpour

This paper studies multi-user communication systems with two groups of users: leaders which possess system information, and followers which have no system information using the formulation of Stackelberg games. In such games, the leaders…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-08-26 saeedeh parsaeefard , Mihaela van der Schaar , Ahmad R. Sharafat

We introduce a reinforcement learning framework for economic design where the interaction between the environment designer and the participants is modeled as a Stackelberg game. In this game, the designer (leader) sets up the rules of the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Gianluca Brero , Alon Eden , Darshan Chakrabarti , Matthias Gerstgrasser , Amy Greenwald , Vincent Li , David C. Parkes

This paper studies a class of dynamic Stackelberg games under open-loop information structure with constrained linear agent dynamics and quadratic utility functions. We show two important properties for this class of dynamic Stackelberg…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-08-09 Sen Li , Wei Zhang , Jianming Lian , Karanjit Kalsi
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