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Much of the recent work developing formal methods techniques to specify or learn the behavior of autonomous systems is predicated on a belief that formal specifications are interpretable and useful for humans when checking systems. Though…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Ho Chit Siu , Kevin Leahy , Makai Mann

As large language models (LLMs) continue to improve in reasoning and decision-making, there is a growing need for realistic and interactive environments where their abilities can be rigorously evaluated. We present VirtualEnv, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Kabir Swain , Sijie Han , Ayush Raina , Jin Zhang , Shuang Li , Michael Stopa , Antonio Torralba

Verifying LLM-generated systems code is hard: bugs are prevalent, formal specifications are missing, and safety contracts are encoded implicitly at call sites rather than enforced at function boundaries. We propose agentic model checking, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Youcheng Sun , Jiawen Liu , Daniel Kroening , Jason Xue

The rise of LLM-based agents shows great potential to revolutionize task planning, capturing significant attention. Given that these agents will be integrated into high-stake domains, ensuring their reliability and safety is crucial. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Wenyue Hua , Xianjun Yang , Mingyu Jin , Zelong Li , Wei Cheng , Ruixiang Tang , Yongfeng Zhang

The rapid evolution of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) has enabled agents to perform complex digital and physical tasks, yet their deployment as autonomous decision-makers introduces substantial unintentional behavioral safety risks.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Yuxuan Li , Yi Lin , Peng Wang , Shiming Liu , Xuetao Wei

In this work, we study Cooperative Spatial Intelligence, the ability of decentralized embodied agents to coordinate effectively under dynamic environmental constraints across city-scale outdoor domains. We introduce Sentinel Challenge, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xiangye Lin , Hongxin Zhang , Ruxi Deng , Qinhong Zhou , Chuang Gan

Multi-hop QA benchmarks frequently reward Large Language Models (LLMs) for spurious correctness, masking ungrounded or flawed reasoning steps. To shift toward rigorous reasoning, we propose SAFE, a dynamic benchmarking framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Daeyong Kwon , Soyoung Yoon , Seung-won Hwang

Legal decisions should be logical and based on statutory laws. While large language models(LLMs) are good at understanding legal text, they cannot provide verifiable justifications. We present L4L, a solver-centric framework that enforces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Linze Chen , Yufan Cai , Zhe Hou , Jin Song Dong

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly paired with activation-based monitoring to detect and prevent harmful behaviors that may not be apparent at the surface-text level. However, existing activation safety approaches, trained on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Shir Rozenfeld , Rahul Pankajakshan , Itay Zloczower , Eyal Lenga , Gilad Gressel , Yisroel Mirsky

Can LLM agents explore codebases and reason about code semantics without executing the code? We study this capability, which we call agentic code reasoning, and introduce semi-formal reasoning: a structured prompting methodology that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Shubham Ugare , Satish Chandra

The rise of automated code generation tools, such as large language models (LLMs), has introduced new challenges in ensuring the correctness and efficiency of scientific software, particularly in complex kernels, where numerical stability,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Naifeng Zhang , Sanil Rao , Mike Franusich , Franz Franchetti

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is an expressive formal language for specifying spatio-temporal requirements over real-valued, real-time signals. It has been widely used for the verification and synthesis of autonomous systems and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Bowen Ye , Zhijian Li , Junyue Huang , Junkai Ma , Xiang Yin

Security in LLM agents is inherently contextual. For example, the same action taken by an agent may represent legitimate behavior or a security violation depending on whose instruction led to the action, what objective is being pursued, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Vincent Siu , Jingxuan He , Kyle Montgomery , Zhun Wang , Neil Gong , Chenguang Wang , Dawn Song

There has been a growing interest in extracting formal descriptions of the system behaviors from data. Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is an expressive formal language used to describe spatial-temporal properties with interpretability. This…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Danyang Li , Mingyu Cai , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Roberto Tron

Current research on large language model (LLM) agents is fragmented: discussions of conceptual frameworks and methodological principles are frequently intertwined with low-level implementation details, causing both readers and authors to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Haoyu Jia , Kento Kawaharazuka , Kei Okada

We introduce a framework for learning continuous neural representations of formal specifications by distilling the geometry of their semantics into a latent space. Existing approaches rely either on symbolic kernels -- which preserve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Sara Candussio , Gabriele Sarti , Gaia Saveri , Luca Bortolussi

Runtime monitoring of autonomous systems traditionally relies on mapping continuous sensor observations to discrete logical propositions defined over low-dimensional state variables. This abstraction breaks down in perception-driven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Parv Kapoor , Abigail Hammer , Ashish Kapoor , Karen Leung , Eunsuk Kang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs) have enabled powerful autonomous agents capable of complex reasoning and multi-modal tool use. Despite their growing capabilities, today's agent frameworks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Peiran Li , Xinkai Zou , Zhuohang Wu , Ruifeng Li , Shuo Xing , Hanwen Zheng , Zhikai Hu , Yuping Wang , Haoxi Li , Qin Yuan , Yingmo Zhang , Zhengzhong Tu

Traditional single-modality sensing faces limitations in accuracy and capability, and its decoupled implementation with communication systems increases latency in bandwidth-constrained environments. Additionally, single-task-oriented…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Yubo Peng , Luping Xiang , Kun Yang , Feibo Jiang , Kezhi Wang , Dapeng Oliver Wu

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have greatly enhanced natural language understanding and content generation. However, these models primarily operate in disembodied digital environments and lack interaction with the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Wenbing Tang , Meilin Zhu , Fenghua Wu , Yang Liu