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Over 300 million people who live with color vision deficiency (CVD) have a decreased ability to distinguish between colors, limiting their ability to interact with websites and software packages. User interface designers have taken various…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Amaan Jamil , Gyorgy Denes

Computer use agents (CUAs) can operate real-world digital interfaces but remain difficult to train due to the high cost of graphical user interface (GUI) interaction and the scarcity of high-quality trajectory data. Existing datasets rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yifei He , Pranit Chawla , Yaser Souri , Subhojit Som , Xia Song

A Webview embeds a full-fledged browser in a mobile application and allows the application to expose a custom interface to JavaScript code. This is a popular technique to build so-called hybrid applications, but it circumvents the usual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-08 Claudio Rizzo , Lorenzo Cavallaro , Johannes Kinder

Modeling and simulation are widely used in cybersecurity research to assess cyber threats, evaluate defense mechanisms, and analyze vulnerabilities. However, the diversity of application areas, the variety of cyberattacks scenarios, and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Luca Serena , Gabriele D'Angelo , Stefano Ferretti , Moreno Marzolla

Although language model (LM) agents have demonstrated increased performance in multiple domains, including coding and web-browsing, their success in cybersecurity has been limited. We present EnIGMA, an LM agent for autonomously solving…

Understanding the common vulnerabilities in web applications help businesses be better prepared in protecting their data against such attacks. With the knowledge gained from research users and developers can be better equipped to deal with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Matthew Bach-Nutman

The increasing reliance on the internet has led to the proliferation of a diverse set of web-browsers and operating systems (OSs) capable of browsing the web. User agent strings (UASs) are a component of web browsing that are transmitted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Dhruv Nandakumar , Sathvik Murli , Ankur Khosla , Kevin Choi , Abdul Rahman , Drew Walsh , Scott Riede , Eric Dull , Edward Bowen

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have enabled computer use agents (CUAs) that operate GUIs autonomously, showing great potential, yet progress is limited by the lack of large-scale, open-source computer use data and foundation models. In this…

We introduce PATHWAYS, a benchmark of 250 multi-step decision tasks that test whether web-based agents can discover and correctly use hidden contextual information. Across both closed and open models, agents typically navigate to relevant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shifat E. Arman , Syed Nazmus Sakib , Tapodhir Karmakar Taton , Nafiul Haque , Shahrear Bin Amin

These days, cyber-criminals target humans rather than machines since they try to accomplish their malicious intentions by exploiting the weaknesses of end users. Thus, human vulnerabilities pose a serious threat to the security and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Dimitra Papatsaroucha , Yannis Nikoloudakis , Ioannis Kefaloukos , Evangelos Pallis , Evangelos K. Markakis

WebView applications are widely used in mobile applications to display web content directly within the app, enhancing user engagement by eliminating the need to open an external browser and providing a seamless experience. Progressive Web…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Sajib Talukder , Nur Imtiazul Haque , Khandakar Ashrafi Akbar

Large language models are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents for multi-step workflows in real-world software environments. However, existing agent benchmarks are limited by trajectory-opaque grading, underspecified safety and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Bowen Ye , Rang Li , Qibin Yang , Yuanxin Liu , Linli Yao , Hanglong Lv , Zhihui Xie , Chenxin An , Lei Li , Lingpeng Kong , Qi Liu , Zhifang Sui , Tong Yang

With the rapid growth of mobile applications and cloud computing, mobile cloud computing has attracted great interest from both academia and industry. However, mobile cloud applications are facing security issues such as data integrity,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-19 Khoi Khac Nguyen , Dinh Thai Hoang , Dusit Niyato , Ping Wang , Diep Nguyen , Eryk Dutkiewicz

With the rapid development of Large Vision Language Models, the focus of Graphical User Interface (GUI) agent tasks shifts from single-screen tasks to complex screen navigation challenges. However, real-world GUI environments, such as PC…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Haolong Yan , Yeqing Shen , Xin Huang , Jia Wang , Kaijun Tan , Zhixuan Liang , Hongxin Li , Zheng Ge , Osamu Yoshie , Si Li , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang

Due to the increasing sophistication of web attacks, Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) have to be tested and updated regularly to resist the relentless flow of web attacks. In practice, using a brute-force attack to discover vulnerabilities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Mohammadhossein Amouei , Mohsen Rezvani , Mansoor Fateh

Vision-language model (VLM) based web agents demonstrate impressive autonomous GUI interaction but remain vulnerable to deceptive interface elements. Existing approaches either detect deception without task integration or document attacks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yilin Zhang , Yingkai Hua , Chunyu Wei , Xin Wang , Yueguo Chen

The increasing complexity and scale of modern digital environments have exposed significant gaps in traditional cybersecurity penetration testing methods, which are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and unable to rapidly adapt to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Ibrahim Alshehri , Adnan Alshehri , Abdulrahman Almalki , Majed Bamardouf , Alaqsa Akbar

Users' website browsing history contains sensitive information, like health conditions, political interests, financial situations, etc. Some recent studies have demonstrated the possibility of inferring website fingerprints based on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Han Wang

As AI systems gain increasing autonomy and execution capability, the number of discovered security vulnerabilities continues to rise. However, many of these vulnerabilities are not fundamentally novel, but instead reflect recurring classes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Kevin Eykholt , Dhilung Kirat , Xiaokui Shu , Jiyong Jang , Frederico Araujo , Ian Molloy

Autonomous multimodal language models are rapidly evolving into web agents that can browse, click, and purchase items on behalf of users, posing a threat to display advertising designed for human eyes. Yet little is known about how these…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Joel Nitu , Heidrun Mühle , Andreas Stöckl